Chemical Engineering

1. Thermodynamics and Phase Equilibria
   1. Laws of Thermodynamics
      1. First Law of Thermodynamics
         1. Concept of Energy Conservation
         2. Internal Energy
         3. Enthalpy
         4. Application in Closed and Open Systems
      2. Second Law of Thermodynamics
         1. Entropy and its Implications
         2. Reversible and Irreversible Processes
         3. Carnot Cycle and Efficiency
         4. Entropy Generation and Its Minimization
      3. Third Law of Thermodynamics
         1. Absolute Zero
         2. Entropy at Zero Temperature
      4. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
         1. Thermal Equilibrium
         2. Definition and Implications for Temperature
   2. Phase Equilibrium
      1. Phase Diagrams
         1. Single-Component Systems
            1. Pressure-Temperature Diagrams
            2. Triple Point and Critical Point
         2. Multi-Component Systems
            1. Phase Rule and Applications
            2. Gibbs Phase Rule
            3. Lever Rule Application
      2. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)
         1. Raoult’s Law and Henry’s Law
         2. Ideal vs. Non-Ideal Mixtures
         3. Azeotropes
         4. Relative Volatility
      3. Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium (LLE)
         1. Partition Coefficient
         2. Tie-Lines and Binodal Curves
         3. Solvent Extraction Principles
      4. Solid-Liquid Equilibrium (SLE)
         1. Solubility Curves
         2. Eutectic Point and Eutectoid Reaction
      5. Solid-Solid Equilibrium
         1. Sublimation
         2. Polymorphism
         3. Solubility and Precipitation
   3. Chemical Equilibrium
      1. Equilibrium Constant (K)
         1. Concepts of Reaction Quotient
         2. Le Chatelier’s Principle
         3. Temperature, Pressure, and Concentration Effects
      2. Gibbs Free Energy and Equilibrium
         1. Relationship between ΔG and K
         2. Predicting Reaction Spontaneity
      3. Reaction Mechanics
         1. Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Equilibria
         2. Catalytic Influences
   4. Thermodynamic Cycles
      1. Carnot Cycle
         1. Idealized Heat Engines
         2. Efficiency Limits
      2. Rankine Cycle
         1. Application in Power Generation
         2. Efficiency and Performance Optimization
      3. Refrigeration Cycles
         1. Vapor-compression Refrigeration
         2. Absorption Refrigeration
      4. Otto and Diesel Cycles
         1. Internal Combustion Engines
         2. Efficiency Comparisons
   5. Equations of State
      1. Ideal Gas Law
         1. Limitations and Applicability
      2. Real Gas Models
         1. Van der Waals Equation
         2. Peng-Robinson and Redlich-Kwong Equations
      3. Applications in Mixtures
         1. Calculation of Fugacity
         2. Mixture Properties Prediction