Biotechnology

1. Applications in Agriculture
   1. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
      1. Transgenic Crops
         1. Herbicide tolerance
         2. Drought resistance
         3. Cold and frost resistance
         4. Improved shelf life
      2. Pest and Disease Resistance
         1. Insect-resistant plants
         2. Virus-resistant crops
         3. Fungus-resistant species
      3. Enhanced Nutritional Content
         1. Biofortification
            1. Enhanced vitamin content, e.g., Vitamin A rice
            2. Increased mineral content, e.g., iron-fortified staples
         2. Improved protein profiles
   2. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry
      1. Genetic Improvement of Livestock
         1. Marker-assisted selection
         2. Genomic selection for improved traits
         3. Crossbreeding with biotech-informed selection
      2. Animal Cloning
         1. Reproductive cloning for breeding stock
         2. Therapeutic cloning for medicinal research
      3. Disease Prevention and Treatment
         1. Development of vaccines through genetic engineering
         2. Antimicrobial peptides and agent production
         3. Rapid diagnostic tools for livestock diseases
   3. Agricultural Microbiology
      1. Biofertilizers
         1. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
         2. Phosphate-solubilizing fungi
         3. Mycorrhizal associations for nutrient efficiency
      2. Biopesticides
         1. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) based products
         2. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)
      3. Soil Health and Bioremediation
         1. Microbial consortia for soil fertility
         2. Microbial degradation of pollutants
         3. Phytoremediation techniques
   4. Advanced Crop Breeding Techniques
      1. Marker-assisted breeding
         1. Identification of specific gene markers linked to traits
         2. Use in selection and breeding programs
      2. Genomic Selection
         1. Whole-genome sequencing for crop improvement
         2. Prediction of trait values based on genome data
   5. Precision Agriculture
      1. Use of sensors for soil and crop health monitoring
      2. Data-driven decision-making for resource management
      3. Automation and robotics in planting and harvesting
   6. Climate-Smart Agriculture
      1. Development of crops resilient to climate change
      2. Water-efficient bioengineering for arid regions
      3. Carbon sequestration through agricultural practices
   7. Sustainable Farming Practices
      1. Use of biotech to reduce chemical agriculture inputs
      2. Biotechnological solutions for sustainable pest management
      3. Integration of crop and livestock systems with biotech innovations
   8. Regulatory and Safety Aspects in Agricultural Biotechnology
      1. Assessment of GMO safety and ecological impact
      2. Incorporation of international biosafety standards
      3. Monitoring and labeling of genetically engineered products