Astrophysics

1. Astrophysical Tools and Methods
   1. Telescopes
      1. Types
         1. Optical Telescopes
            1. Refracting telescopes
            2. Reflecting telescopes
            3. Catadioptric telescopes
         2. Radio Telescopes
            1. Interferometry
            2. Aperture synthesis
            3. Key discoveries via radio telescopes
         3. Infrared Telescopes
            1. Benefits of infrared observations
            2. Challenges related to Earth's atmosphere
         4. Ultraviolet, X-ray, and Gamma Ray Telescopes
            1. Techniques for high-energy observations
            2. Atmospheric absorption and space-based advantages
      2. Space versus Ground-based
         1. Advantages of space-based telescopes
            1. Avoidance of atmospheric distortion
            2. Wider spectrum accessibility
         2. Challenges of space-based telescopes
            1. Cost and complexity of deployment
            2. Maintenance and lifespan
         3. Ground-based telescope technologies
            1. Adaptive optics
            2. Large mirror arrays
            3. Recent advancements
   2. Spectroscopy
      1. Importance in Astrophysics
         1. Understanding chemical compositions
         2. Analyzing stellar and galactic motions
         3. Temperature and density diagnostics
      2. Techniques and Applications
         1. Absorption spectroscopy
            1. Atomic and molecular absorption lines
            2. Redshift and blueshift measurements
         2. Emission spectroscopy
            1. Identifying celestial sources
            2. Spectral line broadening analysis
         3. Spectroscopic surveys
            1. Large-scale structure mapping
            2. Exoplanet discovery
   3. Computational Astrophysics
      1. Simulation Models
         1. N-body simulations
            1. Galactic and stellar dynamics
         2. Hydrodynamic simulations
            1. Star formation and evolution
         3. Cosmological simulations
            1. Large-scale structure evolution
      2. Data Analysis Methodologies
         1. Big data handling strategies
         2. Data reduction and calibration
         3. Statistical methods in astrophysics
      3. Machine Learning in Astrophysics
         1. Classification of celestial objects
         2. Automated detection systems
         3. Predictive modeling for astrophysical phenomena
   4. Observational Astrophysics
      1. Key Projects and Missions
         1. Hubble Space Telescope and its legacy
         2. James Webb Space Telescope expectations
         3. European Space Agency and NASA collaborations
      2. Survey Techniques
         1. All-sky surveys
            1. Cataloging celestial objects
         2. Targeted observations
            1. High-priority astronomical phenomena
         3. Time-domain surveys
            1. Monitoring variable stars and transient events