Astrophysics

1. Astrophysical Phenomena
   1. Supernovae
      1. Types and Triggers
         1. Type I Supernovae
            1. Subtypes: Ia, Ib, Ic
            2. Thermonuclear explosion mechanisms
            3. White dwarf mass accumulation
         2. Type II Supernovae
            1. Core-collapse processes
            2. Progenitor stars and their mass
            3. Neutrino emissions
      2. Role in Chemical Enrichment
         1. Element synthesis
            1. Creation of heavy elements
            2. Role in galactic chemical evolution
         2. Distribution processes
            1. Enrichment of the interstellar medium
            2. Influence on nearby star systems
      3. Observational Signatures
         1. Light curve analysis
            1. Brightness variations over time
            2. Use in distance measurement (e.g., standard candles)
         2. Spectral features
            1. Identification of elements
            2. Evidence of shock waves
         3. Remnants and aftereffects
            1. Supernova remnants
            2. Pulsars and neutron stars formation
   2. Relativity in Astrophysics
      1. General and Special Relativity
         1. Einstein’s theories of relativity
         2. Influence on our understanding of gravity
         3. Effects on time and space
      2. Gravitational Lensing
         1. Light bending phenomenon
         2. Applications in observing distant objects
         3. Einstein rings and arcs
         4. Weak vs. strong lensing
   3. Binary and Multiple Star Systems
      1. Dynamics and Interactions
         1. Gravitational interactions
         2. Exchange of mass and energy
         3. Orbital mechanics
      2. Types and Formations
         1. Close binaries vs. wide binaries
         2. Hierarchical multiple systems
         3. Formation theories
      3. Effects on Stellar Evolution
         1. Mass transfer and accretion
         2. Nova and supernova progenitors
         3. Influence on life cycle of stars
   4. Accretion Disks
      1. Formation and Structure
         1. Disk formation around stars and black holes
         2. Viscous processes and angular momentum
      2. Role in Star and Planet Formation
         1. Protostellar and protoplanetary disk evolution
         2. Birthplace of planetary systems
      3. Associated Phenomena
         1. Jets and outflows
         2. Magnetic fields and their effects
         3. Emission of X-rays and other radiation
   5. Interstellar Medium
      1. Composition and Components
         1. Gas and dust constituents
         2. Diffuse and dense regions
      2. Star Formation Regions
         1. Molecular clouds
         2. Nebulae as stellar nurseries
         3. Triggering mechanisms for star birth
      3. Molecular Clouds and Nebulae
         1. Features and types of nebulae
         2. Role in chemical processes
         3. Sites of ongoing star formation