Analytical Chemistry

1. Techniques and Methods
   1. Spectroscopy
      1. Atomic Spectroscopy
         1. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
            1. Principles of AAS
            2. Instrumentation components
               1. Light source
               2. Atomizer
               3. Detector
            3. Applications
               1. Metal analysis in medical samples
               2. Environmental monitoring
            4. Advantages and limitations
         2. Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES)
            1. Mechanisms of light emission
            2. Comparison with AAS
            3. Instrumental setup differences
            4. Key applications in industrial analysis
         3. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Spectroscopy
            1. Working principle and plasma source
            2. Types: Optical Emission (OES) and Mass Spectrometry (MS)
            3. Applications in multi-elemental analysis
            4. Sensitivity and detection limits
      2. Molecular Spectroscopy
         1. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy
            1. Electronic transitions
            2. Sample preparation and solvent effects
            3. Analytical applications and limitations
         2. Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
            1. Vibrational modes and functional group identification
            2. Use in organic and inorganic chemistry
         3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
            1. Chemical shifts and J-coupling
            2. 1D and 2D NMR techniques
            3. Applications in structural determination
         4. Raman Spectroscopy
            1. Raman scattering theory
            2. Instrumental setup and sample considerations
            3. Applications in material science and chemistry
      3. Mass Spectrometry
         1. Basic principles and ionization methods
            1. Electron ionization (EI)
            2. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)
         2. Types of mass spectrometers
            1. Quadrupole
            2. Time-of-flight (TOF)
            3. Ion trap
         3. Applications in structural elucidation and proteomics
   2. Chromatography
      1. Gas Chromatography (GC)
         1. Principle of separation
         2. Use of gas chromatograph and detectors
         3. Applications in volatile compound analysis
      2. Liquid Chromatography (LC)
         1. Basic principles and stationary phases
         2. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
            1. Equipment setup and column types
            2. Applications in pharmaceuticals and bioanalysis
         3. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC)
            1. Advantages over HPLC
            2. Applications in fast and high-resolution analysis
      3. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
         1. Procedure and layer types
         2. Visualization techniques and Rf calculations
         3. Applications in rapid, qualitative analysis
      4. Applications of Chromatography
         1. Comprehensive separation and purification
         2. Combating matrix effects in complex samples
   3. Electroanalytical Methods
      1. Potentiometry
         1. Function and application of ion-selective electrodes
         2. pH meters and pH measurement
      2. Voltammetry
         1. Cyclic voltammetry principles
         2. Anodic and cathodic processes
         3. Applications in reaction mechanisms and sensor development
      3. Coulometry
         1. Constant current and constant potential methods
         2. Applications in total analysis without reference standards
      4. Applications in Redox Reactions and Trace Analysis
         1. Environmental and biological sample monitoring
   4. Microscopy
      1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
         1. Electron beam-sample interactions
         2. Imaging and elemental analysis capabilities
      2. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
         1. Electron transmission and imaging techniques
         2. Sample preparation challenges
      3. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
         1. Principle of quantum tunneling
         2. Applications in material defects and surface studies
      4. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
         1. Force measurement and imaging modes
         2. High-resolution surface characterization
   5. Thermal Analysis
      1. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
         1. Heat flow measurement during transitions
         2. Applications in material phase studies
      2. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
         1. Mass change assessment with temperature
         2. Applications in composition analysis and thermal stability
      3. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
         1. Viscoelastic property measurement
         2. Applications in polymer characterizations and materials science