Analytical Chemistry

1. Fundamental Concepts
   1. Qualitative Analysis
      1. Identification of Chemical Compounds
         1. Chemical tests for identification
            1. Precipitation reactions
            2. Colorimetric reactions
            3. Flame tests
         2. Spectroscopic identification methods
            1. Infrared spectroscopy for functional group detection
            2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for structural elucidation
         3. Qualitative observations
            1. Odor
            2. Color change
            3. Texture and state changes
      2. Techniques for Compound Characterization
         1. Chromatographic methods
            1. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for compound spotting
            2. Gas chromatography (GC) for volatile compound analysis
         2. Spectrometric methods
            1. Mass spectrometry for molecular weight determination
            2. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy for electronic transitions
         3. Crystallography
            1. X-ray diffraction for crystalline structure analysis
   2. Quantitative Analysis
      1. Measurement of Concentration and Amounts
         1. Gravimetric analysis for mass-based determination
         2. Volumetric analysis (titration) for solution concentration
         3. Instrumental methods
            1. Spectroscopic quantification through absorbance
            2. Electrometric analysis for ionic concentration
      2. Methods of Quantification
         1. Standardization techniques
            1. Primary standards preparation
            2. Calibration curve development
         2. Analytical calculations
            1. Stoichiometry in titration
            2. Signal interpretation from detectors
   3. Systematic Error and Random Error
      1. Sources and Reduction of Errors
         1. Instrumental errors from calibration and drift
         2. Methodological errors from sample handling
         3. Environmental errors due to temperature and humidity
      2. Accuracy and Precision
         1. Definition and distinction between accuracy and precision
         2. Methods to improve accuracy (calibration and standard references)
         3. Statistical methods to evaluate precision (standard deviation, variance)
   4. Calibration
      1. Calibration Methods
         1. Single-point and multi-point calibration for instruments
         2. Internal standards and reference materials
         3. External calibration using known standards and plots
      2. Importance in Accuracy and Reliability
         1. Impact on measurement validity
         2. Traceability to national or international standards
         3. Recalibration intervals and maintenance plans