Top-down and bottom-up are both strategies of information processing and knowledge ordering, used in a variety of fields including software, humanistic and scientific theories (see systemics), and management and organization. In practice, they can be seen as a style of thinking, teaching, or leadership. A top-down approach (also known as stepwise design and stepwise refinement and in some cases used as a synonym of decomposition) is essentially the breaking down of a system to gain insight into its compositional sub-systems in a reverse engineering fashion. In a top-down approach an overview of the system is formulated, specifying, but not detailing, any first-level subsystems. Each subsystem is then refined in yet greater detail, sometimes in many additional subsystem levels, until the entire specification is reduced to base elements. A top-down model is often specified with the assistance of "black boxes", which makes it easier to manipulate. However, black boxes may fail to clarify elementary mechanisms or be detailed enough to realistically validate the model. Top down approach starts with the big picture, then breaks down from there into smaller segments. A bottom-up approach is the piecing together of systems to give rise to more complex systems, thus making the original systems sub-systems of the emergent system. Bottom-up processing is a type of information processing based on incoming data from the environment to form a perception. From a cognitive psychology perspective, information enters the eyes in one direction (sensory input, or the "bottom"), and is then turned into an image by the brain that can be interpreted and recognized as a perception (output that is "built up" from processing to final cognition). In a bottom-up approach the individual base elements of the system are first specified in great detail. These elements are then linked together to form larger subsystems, which then in turn are linked, sometimes in many levels, until a complete top-level system is formed. This strategy often resembles a "seed" model, by which the beginnings are small but eventually grow in complexity and completeness. However, "organic strategies" may result in a tangle of elements and subsystems, developed in isolation and subject to local optimization as opposed to meeting a global purpose. (Wikipedia).
Geometry - Basic Terminology (15 of 34) What Are Trapezoids?
Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will define the trapezoid and the difference between the trapezoid and quadrilateral. Next video in the Basic Terminology series can be seen at: http://youtu.be/fqTPIILZieE
From playlist GEOMETRY 1 - BASIC TERMINOLOGY
"Interior and exterior angles of regular and irregular polygons."
From playlist Shape: Angles
First Angle Projection Explained. ✔
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From playlist Mechanical Engineering.
Geometry: Ch 4 - Geometric Figures (3 of 18) The Trapezoid
Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will define the trapezoid, and explain the equations of its parameters and areas. Next video in this series can be seen at: https://youtu.be/P7cgrxlA6NM
From playlist GEOMETRY 4 - GEOMETRIC FIGURES
What are the names of different types of polygons based on the number of sides
👉 Learn about polygons and how to classify them. A polygon is a plane shape bounded by a finite chain of straight lines. A polygon can be concave or convex and it can also be regular or irregular. A concave polygon is a polygon in which at least one of its interior angles is greater than 1
From playlist Classify Polygons
What is the difference of a trapezoid and an isosceles trapezoid
👉 Learn how to solve problems with trapezoids. A trapezoid is a four-sided shape (quadrilateral) such that one pair of opposite sides are parallel. Some of the properties of trapezoids are: one pair of opposite sides are parallel, etc. A trapezoid is isosceles is one pair of opposite sides
From playlist Properties of Trapezoids
Sometimes a closeup works best, but other times you may want a wider-angle shot. You can experiment by moving closer and farther away from your subject, or by using your camera's zoom. We hope you enjoy! To learn more, check out our written lesson here: https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/digita
From playlist Digital Photography
Photoshop: Understanding Layers
In this video, you’ll learn more about layers in Photoshop. Visit https://www.gcflearnfree.org/photoshopbasics/understanding-layers/1/ for our text-based lesson. This video includes information on: • Creating, duplicating, and deleting layers • Showing and hiding layers • Reordering and e
From playlist Photoshop
What are some characteristics of an isosceles trapezoid
👉 Learn how to solve problems with trapezoids. A trapezoid is a four-sided shape (quadrilateral) such that one pair of opposite sides are parallel. Some of the properties of trapezoids are: one pair of opposite sides are parallel, etc. A trapezoid is isosceles is one pair of opposite sides
From playlist Properties of Trapezoids
EEVblog #244 - How To Lay Out A PCB - PSU Design Part 9
Dave video captured laying out his power supply PCB in real-time, and in this video speeds that up by 10 times and adds audio commentary over the top explaining his thought processes and techniques of how to layout a PCB.
From playlist Power Supply Design
EEVblog #239 - PCB Design For Manufacture Part 2
PART 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXE_dh38HjU PART 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zGisPMNstI A follow up to Dave's popular PCB Design For Manufacture (DFM) tutorial video. This time he updates his uCurrent PCB for production, including panelisation layout and component reel select
From playlist PCB Design & Manufacture
EEVblog #1323 - PCB Layout Review & Analysis
Dave analyses a PCB layout from the EEVblog forum and covers all sorts of tips for SMD layout, component placement, routing, layer stackup, controlled impedance traces, supply planes and power bypassing. Subscribe on Library: https://lbry.tv/@eevblog:7 Original forum thread: https://www.ee
From playlist PCB Design & Manufacture
EEVblog #127 - PCB Design For Manufacture Tutorial - Part 1
PART 2 is HERE: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uemr8xaxcw0 PART 3 is HERE: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zGisPMNstI A how-to guide to taking your electronics project from prototype through to high volume PCB manufacture. Covers component selection and purchasing, SMD, DFM, PCB panelisati
From playlist PCB Design & Manufacture
Thanks to modern component-oriented architectures, the front-end community has been naturally gravitating towards design systems as a way of standardising our respective design languages into reusable components. When done successfully, it suddenly becomes trivial to translate standard des
From playlist Software Development
EEVblog #1262 - Designing a Flex PCB + uSupply Update
Designing a flexible PCB adapter board for the uSupply project. Discussion of rigid flex PCB design, layout, and manufacturing. Plus a rant on ST Micro parts and USB Power Delivery. PCBway Flexible PCB quote: https://bit.ly/2Xmphrs Forum: https://www.eevblog.com/forum/blog/eevblog-1262-d
From playlist PCB Assembly
EEVblog #1193 - KiCAD PCB 4 Layer Swapping & Stackup
More on the Gigatron 4 layer PCB for EMC compliance testing. Swapping the inner and outer plane layers, experimenting with KiCAD and investigating several issues with the tool. Talk on gerber generation, PCB checklists, PCB design for manufacture, PCB stackup, and uploading to JLCPCB for 4
From playlist PCB Design & Manufacture
Abug Talks - Dominic Plunkett provides Tips n Tricks on PCB Design
Dominic Plunkett (dp11) provides Tips n Tricks on PCB Design. Virtual Abug Meet-Up - 6th June 2020. Recorded via Zoom during the Coronavirus Outbreak. Help us create more videos! Support us through Patreon : https://www.patreon.com/computinghistory Museum Website : http://www.ComputingH
From playlist Abug Virtual Meetup - June 2020
Learn HTML & CSS – Full Course for Beginners
Learn HTML and CSS from scratch by building 6 projects and solving 80+ coding challenges. Go here for the interactive browser-version: https://scrimba.com/links/htmlandcss ⭐️ Code ⭐️ 🔗 Interactive version: https://scrimba.com/links/htmlandcss 🔗 GitHub repo: https://github.com/scrimba/lea
From playlist HTML and CSS Tutorials
What are four types of polygons
👉 Learn about polygons and how to classify them. A polygon is a plane shape bounded by a finite chain of straight lines. A polygon can be concave or convex and it can also be regular or irregular. A concave polygon is a polygon in which at least one of its interior angles is greater than 1
From playlist Classify Polygons
THE FIGURE: 3 to 5 MINUTE EXTENDED GESTURE DRAWING (with NKU Models)
Marc demonstrates and discusses the extended gesture beyond initial armature and lima bean (torso) with 38 poses to draw with and/or from. ***(All model images are copyrighted for NKU SOTA and may only be used for drawing; images may not be sold, copied, distributed, or for any other usage
From playlist THE FIGURE