Predicate logic | Non-classical logic

Temperature paradox

The Temperature Paradox or Partee's Paradox is a classic puzzle in formal semantics and philosophical logic. Formulated by Barbara Partee in the 1970s, it consists of the following argument, which speakers of English judge as wildly invalid. 1. * The temperature is ninety. 2. * The temperature is rising. 3. * Therefore, ninety is rising. (invalid conclusion) Despite its obvious invalidity, this argument would be valid in most formalizations based on traditional extensional systems of logic. For instance, the following formalization in first order predicate logic would be valid via Leibniz's law: 1. * t=90 2. * R(t) 3. * R(90) (valid conclusion in this formalization) To correctly predict the invalidity of the argument without abandoning Leibniz's Law, a formalization must capture the fact that the first premise makes a claim about the temperature at a particular point in time, while the second makes an assertion about how it changes over time. One way of doing so, proposed by Richard Montague, is to adopt an intensional logic for natural language, thus allowing "the temperature" to denote its extension in the first premise and its intension in the second. 1. * extension(t)=90 2. * R(intension(t)) 3. * R(90) (invalid conclusion) Thus, Montague took the paradox as evidence that nominals denote individual concepts, defined as functions from a world-time pair to an individual. Later analyses build on this general idea, but differ in the specifics of the formalization. (Wikipedia).

Video thumbnail

Teach Astronomy - Thermal Equilibrium

http://www.teachastronomy.com/ Thermal equilibrium is an important physical principle. When two substances have unequal temperatures, thermal equilibrium means that they will tend to evolve to a situation of equal temperature. At a microscopic level we know that temperature denotes the in

From playlist 04. Chemistry and Physics

Video thumbnail

Physics - Thermodynamics: Temperature (1 of 3) What is the definition of Temperature?

Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will explain and give a definition of temperature as to how it relates to heat, kinetic energy, potential energy, and how it transfers.

From playlist MOST POPULAR VIDEOS

Video thumbnail

Differential Equations: Newton's Law of Cooling

How to solve N's L of cooling, with an example!

From playlist Basics: Differential Equations

Video thumbnail

Why do physicists try to understand time?

Subscribe to our YouTube Channel for all the latest from World Science U. Visit our Website: http://www.worldscienceu.com/ Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/worldscienceu Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/worldscienceu

From playlist Science Unplugged: Time

Video thumbnail

Converting Temperature Between Celsius and Fahrenheit

This video derives the formulas used to convert temperature between Celsius and Fahrenheit and the provided conversion examples. Search Complete Video Library at www.mathispower4u.wordpress.com

From playlist Unit Conversions: Converting Between Standard and Metric Units

Video thumbnail

Heat equation: How to solve

Free ebook https://bookboon.com/en/partial-differential-equations-ebook How to solve the heat equation on the whole line with some initial condition. Suppose one has a function u that describes the temperature at a given location (x, y, z). This function will change over time as heat spre

From playlist Partial differential equations

Video thumbnail

Can Humans Really Feel Temperature?

Veritasium!! http://youtube.com/veritasium Veritasium video on temperature: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqDbMEdLiCs MinutePhysics is on Google+ - http://bit.ly/qzEwc6 And facebook - http://facebook.com/minutephysics And twitter - @minutephysics Minute Physics provides an energetic an

From playlist MinutePhysics

Video thumbnail

Physics - Thermodynamics: (3 of 8) Freezing Point Of Water

Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will explain and show you how to calculate the freezing point of water (ice) through pressure.

From playlist PHYSICS 25 THERMODYNAMICS AND WATER

Video thumbnail

Statistical mechanical perspectives on cosmological puzzles by Christian Maes

COLLOQUIUM STATISTICAL MECHANICAL PERSPECTIVES ON COSMOLOGICAL PUZZLES SPEAKER: Christian Maes (Instituut voor Theoretische Fysica, KU Leuven) DATE : Mon, 18 November 2019, 15:30 to 16:30 VENUE: Ramanujan Lecture Hall, ICTS Campus, Bangalore ABSTRACT We review some well-known parado

From playlist ICTS Colloquia

Video thumbnail

Physics - Thermodynamics: Temperature (2 of 3) Centigrade, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin

Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will explain the centigrade, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scale.

From playlist PHYSICS 21 TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL EXPANSION

Video thumbnail

Faint Young Sun Paradox

You can purchase Universe Sandbox 2 game here: https://goo.gl/fuEv5s Hello and welcome to What Da Math! In this video, we will talk about an interesting paradox. Patreon page: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2318196&ty=h Space Engine is available for free here: http://spaceengine.org Enj

From playlist Universe Sandbox 2

Video thumbnail

Thermodynamics 5d - Statistical Mechanics IV

Previously we worked through some fundamental results of statistical mechanics. We are now in a position to derive the formula for the absolute entropy of an ideal monatomic gas. We find that our first attempt is plagued by the so-called Gibbs Paradox. Revisiting our fundamental statistica

From playlist Thermodynamics

Video thumbnail

A modern take on the information paradox.... (Lecture - 01) by Ahmed Almheiri

INFOSYS-ICTS STRING THEORY LECTURES A MODERN TAKE ON THE INFORMATION PARADOX AND PROGRESS TOWARDS ITS RESOLUTION SPEAKER: Ahmed Almheiri (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton) DATE: 30 September 2019 to 03 October 2019 VENUE: Emmy Noether Seminar Room, ICTS Bangalore Lecture 1: Mond

From playlist Infosys-ICTS String Theory Lectures

Video thumbnail

Black Holes and the Reversibility of Time by Suvrat Raju

URL: https://www.icts.res.in/lectures/bhrt17 Date & Time 12 April 2017, 18:00 to 19:00 Venue National College, Bengaluru A central tenet of physics is that time evolution is reversible. Given the complete state of a system at any point of time, one can predict both its future and its p

From playlist Einstein Lectures

Video thumbnail

What Is the Black Hole Information Paradox? The Problem with Black Hole Evaporation

Have you heard that black holes destroy any information that goes into them? Why is this such a big problem for physics? Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Follow us on Tumblr: http://unive

From playlist Black Holes

Video thumbnail

A modern take on the information paradox.... (Lecture - 03) by Ahmed Almheiri

INFOSYS-ICTS STRING THEORY LECTURES A MODERN TAKE ON THE INFORMATION PARADOX AND PROGRESS TOWARDS ITS RESOLUTION SPEAKER: Ahmed Almheiri (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton) DATE: 30 September 2019 to 03 October 2019 VENUE: Emmy Noether Seminar Room, ICTS Bangalore Lecture 1: Mond

From playlist Infosys-ICTS String Theory Lectures

Video thumbnail

Earth Had 70% CO2 In The Past - Solving Faint Young Sun Paradox

You can buy Universe Sandbox 2 here: http://amzn.to/2yJqwU6 Or get a shirt: https://teespring.com/stores/whatdamath Hello and welcome! My name is Anton and in this video, we will talk about a possible resolution to the so called Faint Young Sun Paradox. Paper: https://advances.sciencemag

From playlist Amazing Planet Earth

Video thumbnail

Hawking radiation

Do black holes radiate? How is the "temperature" of a black hole defined? What paradoxes does Hawking radiation bring to light? All these answers in 16 minutes! 0:00 - Introduction 1:39 - Relativity of the vacuum 7:22 - Hawking radiation 11:58 - Conclusion For more videos, subscribe to t

From playlist Astrophysics and Cosmos

Video thumbnail

Can Temperatures Go Below Absolute Zero?

Absolute zero: the coldest anything can ever get. To reach this temperature, all motion in the system must completely stop, something which is impossible according to quantum mechanics. So, if we can never hope to even reach absolute zero, it would seem that it is ridiculous to even consid

From playlist Thermal Physics/Statistical Physics

Video thumbnail

Fermi Paradox: Sleeping Giants

Use my link http://www.audible.com/isaac or text isaac to 500-500 to get a FREE audiobook and 30-day free trial! The idea that alien civilizations may exist but be hiding or asleep is a popular explanation for the Fermi Paradox, the apparent contradiction between the immensity of the Unive

From playlist What Fraser's watching

Related pages

Possible world | Intensional logic | Extension (semantics) | Extensionality | Validity (logic)