Spatial gradient

Sound speed gradient

In acoustics, the sound speed gradient is the rate of change of the speed of sound with distance, for example with depth in the ocean,or height in the Earth's atmosphere. A sound speed gradient leads to refraction of sound wavefronts in the direction of lower sound speed, causing the sound rays to follow a curved path. The radius of curvature of the sound path is inversely proportional to the gradient. When the sun warms the Earth's surface, there is a negative temperature gradient in atmosphere. The speed of sound decreases with decreasing temperature, so this also creates a negative sound speed gradient. The sound wave front travels faster near the ground, so the sound is refracted upward, away from listeners on the ground, creating an acoustic shadow at some distance from the source. The opposite effect happens when the ground is covered with snow, or in the morning over water, when the sound speed gradient is positive. In this case, sound waves can be refracted from the upper levels down to the surface. In underwater acoustics, speed of sound depends on pressure (hence depth), temperature, and salinity of seawater, thus leading to vertical speed gradients similar to those that exist in atmospheric acoustics. However, when there is a zero sound speed gradient, values of sound speed have the same "isospeed" in all parts of a given water column (there is no change in sound speed with depth). The same effect happens in an isothermal atmosphere with the ideal gas assumption. (Wikipedia).

Video thumbnail

Show Me Some Science! Speed Of Sound

Sound is a wave which travels through the air at about 330 m/s. The Little Shop of Physics Crew dances to the music together. When spread out along the track, it takes about a third of a second for the sound to travel from the first person to the last. The crew is blindfolded, so there are

From playlist Show Me Some Science!

Video thumbnail

Physics - Mechanics: Sound and Sound Waves (36 of 47) Intensity of Sound Wave 2

Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will show you how to calculate the intensity of sound wave 2.

From playlist PHYSICS MECHANICS 5: WAVES, SOUND

Video thumbnail

Waves 3_3 The Speed of Sound

The speed of sound.

From playlist Physics - Waves

Video thumbnail

Physics - Mechanics: Sound and Sound Waves (13 of 47) Sound Intensity at a Distance

Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will show you how to calculate I=? at distances of 10m, 1000m, and 10,000m.

From playlist PHYSICS MECHANICS 5: WAVES, SOUND

Video thumbnail

Waves 3_2 The Speed of Sound

The speed of sound.

From playlist Physics - Waves

Video thumbnail

Physics - Mechanics: Sound and Sound Waves (35 of 47) Intensity of Sound Wave 1

Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will show you how to calculate the intensity of sound wave.

From playlist PHYSICS MECHANICS 5: WAVES, SOUND

Video thumbnail

Waves 3_1 The Speed of Sound

The speed of sound.

From playlist Physics - Waves

Video thumbnail

Physics - Mechanics: Sound and Sound Waves (34 of 47) Maximum Displacement in a Sound Wave

Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will show you how to calculate the maximum displacement in a sound wave.

From playlist PHYSICS MECHANICS 5: WAVES, SOUND

Video thumbnail

Sonic Boom in water

Breaking the sound barrier in water or air. My Patreon page is at https://www.patreon.com/EugeneK

From playlist Physics

Video thumbnail

Seminar In the Analysis and Methods of PDE (SIAM PDE): Vlad Vicol

Date: November 5, 2020 Speaker: Vlad Vicol, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, NYU Title: Shock formation and vorticity creation for compressible Euler Abstract: In this talk, I will discuss a long term project, joint with Tristan Buckmaster and Steve Shkoller, concerning the f

From playlist Seminar In the Analysis and Methods of PDE (SIAM PDE)

Video thumbnail

Compressibility Effects in Turbulence: Revisited by Sanjiva Lele

Turbulence from Angstroms to light years DATE:20 January 2018 to 25 January 2018 VENUE:Ramanujan Lecture Hall, ICTS, Bangalore The study of turbulent fluid flow has always been of immense scientific appeal to engineers, physicists and mathematicians because it plays an important role acr

From playlist Turbulence from Angstroms to light years

Video thumbnail

HEDS Seminar Series | Joyce Guzik | “Solar Models and Opacities”

“Solar Models and Opacities” HEDS Seminar Series – Joyce Guzik – August 27th, 2020 💻 LLNL News: https://www.llnl.gov/news 📲 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/livermore_lab 🤳 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/livermore.lab 🐤 Twitter: https://twitter.com/Livermore_Lab 🔔 Subscribe:

From playlist High Energy Density Science Seminar Series

Video thumbnail

Sixteenth Imaging & Inverse Problems (IMAGINE) OneWorld SIAM-IS Virtual Seminar Series Talk

Date: Wednesday, March 3, 2021, 10:00am EDT Speaker: Simon Arridge, University College London Title: Coupled Physics Imaging with Sound and Light - Deterministic and Stochastic Approaches Abstract: Coupled Physics Imaging (CPI) refers to methods that generate contrast through one phy

From playlist Imaging & Inverse Problems (IMAGINE) OneWorld SIAM-IS Virtual Seminar Series

Video thumbnail

A detailed characterization of the hypersurface of pre-shocks for the Euler equa... - Steve Shkoller

Workshop on Recent developments in incompressible fluid dynamics Topic: A detailed characterization of the hypersurface of pre-shocks for the Euler equations Speaker: Steve Shkoller Affiliation: University of California, Davis Date: April 04, 2022 I will describe a new geometric approach

From playlist Mathematics

Video thumbnail

Science of Flight | Breaking the Sound Barrier and Beyond | The Great Courses

If you want to see what it looks like inside a plane breaking the sound barrier, just look down the street on a hot day. This is because the same principles that cause mirages on summer streets dictates the shockwaves at Mach 1. Call the drink cart; it's going to be a smooth ride. This vi

From playlist Science

Video thumbnail

Henk van Beijeren - KPZ equation

PROGRAM: US-India Advanced Studies Institute on Thermalization: From Glasses to Black Holes PROGRAM LINK: http://www.icts.res.in/program/ASIT2013 DATES: Monday 10 Jun, 2013 - Friday 21 Jun, 2013 VENUE: Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore The study of thermalization has become an

From playlist US-India Advanced Studies Institute on Thermalization: From Glasses to Black Holes

Video thumbnail

The Wave Equation for BEGINNERS | Physics Equations Made Easy

Ever wondered what the Classical Wave Equation is all about? Well now you can find out! Hey everyone, I'm back with another video. This time, I'm breaking down the Classical Wave Equation for you, because I really enjoy making these videos where I explain what a physics equation is trying

From playlist Classical Physics by Parth G

Video thumbnail

Sound Wave Experiments | Waves | Physics | FuseSchool

Sound Wave Experiments In this video, we are going to look at the factors that influence the speed of sound and how to measure it. We will look at sound waves in more detail in another video: Sound Waves Sound travels at about 340m/s in air. At sea level. At 20 degrees celsius. What d

From playlist PHYSICS: Waves

Video thumbnail

Optical Models for Gravity, part III - Newton-Schrodinger equation in optics by Daniele Faccio

21 November 2016 to 10 December 2016 VENUE Ramanujan Lecture Hall, ICTS Bangalore Quantum Theory has passed all experimental tests, with impressive accuracy. It applies to light and matter from the smallest scales so far explored, up to the mesoscopic scale. It is also a necessary ingredie

From playlist Fundamental Problems of Quantum Physics

Related pages

Temperature gradient | Wind gradient