In two-player sequential games, a ply is one turn taken by one of the players. The word is used to clarify what is meant when one might otherwise say "turn". The word "turn" can be a problem since it means different things in different traditions. For example, in standard chess terminology, one move consists of a turn by each player; therefore a ply in chess is a half-move. Thus, after 20 moves in a chess game, 40 plies have been completed—20 by white and 20 by black. In the game of Go, by contrast, a ply is the normal unit of counting moves; so for example to say that a game is 250 moves long is to imply 250 plies. The word "ply" used as a synonym for "layer" goes back to the 15th century. Arthur Samuel first used the term in its game-theoretic sense in his seminal paper on machine learning in checkers in 1959, but with a slightly different meaning: the "ply", in Samuel's terminology, is actually the depth of analysis ("Certain expressions were introduced which we will find useful. These are: Ply, defined as the number of moves ahead, where a ply of two consists of one proposed move by the machine and one anticipated reply by the opponent"). In computing, the concept of ply is important because one ply corresponds to one level of the game tree. The Deep Blue chess computer which defeated Kasparov in 1997 would typically search to a depth of between six and sixteen plies to a maximum of forty plies in some situations. (Wikipedia).
Jules Hedges - compositional game theory - part I
Compositional game theory is an approach to game theory that is designed to have better mathematical (loosely “algebraic” and “geometric”) properties, while also being intended as a practical setting for microeconomic modelling. It gives a graphical representation of games in which the flo
From playlist compositional game theory
Counting and Probability Walkthrough
This video is a casual walkthough of a worksheet on a whole bunch of counting and probability problems. We have combinations and permutations, the additivity principle and the multiplication principle. ►FULL DISCRETE MATH PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHXZ9OQGMqxersk8f
From playlist Discrete Math (Full Course: Sets, Logic, Proofs, Probability, Graph Theory, etc)
Formal Definition of a Function using the Cartesian Product
Learning Objectives: In this video we give a formal definition of a function, one of the most foundation concepts in mathematics. We build this definition out of set theory. **************************************************** YOUR TURN! Learning math requires more than just watching vid
From playlist Discrete Math (Full Course: Sets, Logic, Proofs, Probability, Graph Theory, etc)
The formal definition of a sequence.
We have an intuitive picture of sequences (infinite ordered lists). But there is a formal definition of sequences based out of the idea of a specific function between sets, specifically from the positive integers to the real numbers. ►Full DISCRETE MATH Course Playlist: https://www.youtu
From playlist Discrete Math (Full Course: Sets, Logic, Proofs, Probability, Graph Theory, etc)
How many chess games are possible?
Dr James Grime talking about the Shannon Number and other chess stuff. Squarespace (10% off): http://squarespace.com/numberphile More links & stuff in full description below ↓↓↓ Support us on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/numberphile NUMBERPHILE Website: http://www.numberphile.com/ Num
From playlist Big Numbers on Numberphile
Ethnomathematics Lecture 11: Game Charts & Blockade Games
Beloit College, Math 103: Using Game Charts to analyze maximal blockade games. Using lookahead to simplify such analysis. Examples include Pong Hau K'i (from China) and equivalent games from Korea, India, and Thailand; Berry Patch Scramble from General Mills, and Mu Torere from the Maori (
From playlist Beloit College: Ethnomathematics | CosmoLearning.org Mathematics
Ethnomathematics Lecture 12: Win Trees for Games. Achi, Mancala
Beloit College, Math 103: Using game trees from specific positions, e.g. 1- or 2-ply trees, to analyze a position. Using longer game trees from a position to demonstrate it's a winning position. Examples with Achi (from Ghana) and a version of Mancala also from Ghana.
From playlist Beloit College: Ethnomathematics | CosmoLearning.org Mathematics
20. Speculative Parallelism & Leiserchess
MIT 6.172 Performance Engineering of Software Systems, Fall 2018 Instructor: Charles Leiserson View the complete course: https://ocw.mit.edu/6-172F18 YouTube Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUl4u3cNGP63VIBQVWguXxZZi0566y7Wf Prof. Leiserson discusses speculative parallelis
From playlist MIT 6.172 Performance Engineering of Software Systems, Fall 2018
3D Game Maker (C++ and OpenGL)
This is something I have been working on as a hobby for several months. It's my game engine I have been programming from scratch. I have a lot more I would like to add but here is what I have so far.
From playlist 3D Programming
Dealing with limits in Sympy.
From playlist Introduction to Pyhton for mathematical programming
Python Bot Plays Connect Four (using Minimax and some heuristics)
I have written a Python bot that plays Connect Four. It is not the perfect bot, it only uses Minimax of 6 plies deep with Alpha Beta Pruninng and some heuristic position analysis. I made it play against the Hard AI at c4arena.com - find out who wins! Source code of my Python Connect Four
From playlist Bots Playing Games
We know that God exists because math is consistent and we know... - Kojman
Menachem Kojman Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Member, School of Mathemtics April 6, 2011 MATHEMATICAL CONVERSATIONS "We know that God exists because mathematics is consistent and we know that the devil exists because we cannot prove the consistency." -- Andre Weil For more videos,
From playlist Mathematics
In this video we talk about the union of two sets, A union B. This is defined to be the set of elements that come from EITHER A OR B. We some examples of the union written in set-builder notation and visualize it with Venn Diagrams ►FULL DISCRETE MATH PLAYLIST: https://www.youtube.com/pla
From playlist Discrete Math (Full Course: Sets, Logic, Proofs, Probability, Graph Theory, etc)
Why Game Theory is Not About Competition
This video was made possible by our Patreon community! ❤️ See new videos early, participate in exclusive Q&As, and more! ➡️ https://www.patreon.com/EconomicsExplained ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ Game Theory is supposed to show how businesses (and prisoners) can outdo each other to win out
From playlist Case Studies
(ML 11.2) Decision theory terminology in different contexts
Comparison of decision theory terminology and notation in three different contexts: in general, for estimators, and for regression/classification.
From playlist Machine Learning
No Solo Talk - Still Untitled: The Adam Savage Project - 5/31/18
We're waiting until more people have seen Solo before we do a full Spoilercast review. So this week, we talk about a laser cutting storage boxes, internet mob mentality, and a new Tested project with actress and stunt performer Zoe Bell. Plus, some love for Starchild! links for show menti
From playlist The Adam Savage Project
Behind the Bezel: Coin-Op Arcade Video Game Cabinets as Design History
From the Interactive Media & Games Seminar Series; Raiford Guins, Associate Professor of Culture and Technology within the Department of Cultural Analysis and Theory at Stony Brook University, argues for an expanded view of ‘game design’ to account for the industrial and graphic design of
From playlist Interactive Media & Games SPRING 2015
Adam Savage's One Day Builds: How To Build a Box!
Don't miss another One Day Build! Subscribe to our channel (and click the bell for notifications): http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=testedcom One of Adam's favorite things to build are boxes to store and celebrate the objects and artifacts he collects in his workshop. T
From playlist Adam Savage's One Day Builds
Adam Savage's One Day Builds: EPIC Spacesuit! (Part 1)
For the first time, we document the build of Adam's spacesuits in its entirety! Inspired by a next-generation xEMU design, Adam and his collaborators spent months building two spacesuit costumes worn in our short film "The Beacon"--celebrating the relaunch of the gaming network G4. To kick
From playlist Adam Savage's One Day Builds
Jules Hedges - compositional game theory - part IV
Compositional game theory is an approach to game theory that is designed to have better mathematical (loosely “algebraic” and “geometric”) properties, while also being intended as a practical setting for microeconomic modelling. It gives a graphical representation of games in which the flo
From playlist compositional game theory