Complexity classes

Parity P

In computational complexity theory, the complexity class ⊕P (pronounced "parity P") is the class of decision problems solvable by a nondeterministic Turing machine in polynomial time, where the acceptance condition is that the number of accepting computation paths is odd. An example of a ⊕P problem is "does a given graph have an odd number of perfect matchings?" The class was defined by Papadimitriou and Zachos in 1983. ⊕P is a counting class, and can be seen as finding the least significant bit of the answer to the corresponding #P problem. The problem of finding the most significant bit is in PP. PP is believed to be a considerably harder class than ⊕P; for example, there is a relativized universe (see oracle machine) where P = ⊕P ≠ NP = PP = EXPTIME, as shown by Beigel, Buhrman, and Fortnow in 1998. While Toda's theorem shows that PPP contains PH, P⊕P is not known to even contain NP. However, the first part of the proof of Toda's theorem shows that BPP⊕P contains PH. Lance Fortnow has written a concise proof of this theorem. ⊕P contains the graph isomorphism problem, and in fact this problem is low for ⊕P. It also trivially contains UP, since all problems in UP have either zero or one accepting paths. More generally, ⊕P is low for itself, meaning that such a machine gains no power from being able to solve any ⊕P problem instantly. The ⊕ symbol in the name of the class may be a reference to use of the symbol ⊕ in Boolean algebra to refer the exclusive disjunction operator. This makes sense because if we consider "accepts" to be 1 and "not accepts" to be 0, the result of the machine is the exclusive disjunction of the results of each computation path. (Wikipedia).

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Related pages

BPP (complexity) | UP (complexity) | Graph isomorphism problem | Oracle machine | Low (complexity) | Computational complexity theory | Perfect matching | Toda's theorem | Decision problem | PH (complexity) | Complexity class | Nondeterministic Turing machine | PP (complexity) | EXPTIME | NP (complexity)