Neutron-related techniques | Neutron sources
A neutron howitzer is a neutron source that emits neutrons in a single direction. It was discovered in the 1930s that alpha radiation that strikes the beryllium nucleus would release neutrons. The high speed of the alpha is sufficient to overcome the relatively low Coulomb barrier of the beryllium nucleus, the repulsive force due to the positive charge of the nucleus, which contains only four protons, allowing for fusion of the two particles, releasing energetic neutrons. In 1930 Walther Bothe and Herbert Becker in Germany found that alpha particles striking light elements such as beryllium, boron, or lithium would release a highly penetrating radiation, at first believed to be gamma radiation, although it was more penetrating than any gamma rays known. The next important contribution was reported in 1932 by Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot in Paris, who showed that if this unknown radiation fell on paraffin wax or any other hydrogen-containing compound it ejected protons of very high energy. Finally, in 1932 the physicist James Chadwick in England performed a series of experiments showing that the gamma ray hypothesis was untenable, and suggested that the new radiation consisted of uncharged particles of approximately the mass of the proton. He performed a series of experiments to verify this, these uncharged particles were eventually called "neutrons", and Chadwick is credited with this discovery. Any alpha-emitting radioisotope will suffice, but usually a high specific activity alpha-emitter is chosen. Historically a variety of isotopes such as radium (Ra-226) were used, but in modern times the transuranic isotopes Am-241 and Pu-239 are almost exclusively used in AmBe resp. PuBe neutron sources. The alpha emitter and the beryllium are pulverized and mixed together in close intimate contact to ensure a high percentage of alpha-emitter and beryllium nuclei in close contact, since the alpha particle has a very short range through material, and would lose energy preventing reaction if sufficiently far away.This mixture of material is then packed into a suitable carrier with radiation shielding, with one end open to allow the neutrons to shoot out in the direction of the open end, thus acting like a howitzer. Neutron howitzers were used by Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassman, and Lise Meitner in 1938 to bombard uranium nuclei with neutrons in the hopes of making transuranic elements. To their surprise, they found barium residue, a clear indication that they had instead fissioned uranium nuclei. This discovery led to the development of the first nuclear reactor in 1942, and ultimately nuclear weapons in 1945. (Wikipedia).
The M119 A1 Howitzer is a lightweight howitzer used by the United States Army. It can be easily airlifted, even by helicopter, or dropped by parachute. It does not need a recoil pit. In 1987 an agreement was reached to produce the L119 under license as the M119, to replace the M102 howi
From playlist 3rd Law
THE LARGEST HYDROGEN BOMB (Tsar Bomb) AND THE NUCLEAR BOMBS!!!
In this video demonstrate nuclear bombs and thermonuclear hydrogen bombs. Also you can see speech of Einstein about E=MC2, speech of Openheimer about destoyer of the worlds!!!
From playlist NUCLEAR PHYSICS
The Tsar Bomba footage 50Mt. The largest nuclear detonation in history.
From playlist Best of Science!
Experimental Physics I: Final Presentation: Rutherford Scattering Detection through Gold Foil
MIT 8.13-14 Experimental Physics I & II "Junior Lab", Spring 2017 View the complete course: https://ocw.mit.edu/8-13-14S17 Instructor: Henry Shackleton For his final student presentation in the course Experimental Physics I ("Junior Lab"), Henry Shackleton gave a talk on the topic Ruther
From playlist How We Teach: MIT 8.13-14 Experimental Physics I & II “Junior Lab”, Fall 2016 - Spring 2017
Watch more videos on http://www.brightstorm.com/science/physics SUBSCRIBE FOR All OUR VIDEOS! https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=brightstorm2 VISIT BRIGHTSTORM.com FOR TONS OF VIDEO TUTORIALS AND OTHER FEATURES! http://www.brightstorm.com/ LET'S CONNECT! Facebook ► htt
From playlist Physics
TSAR Bomb AND THE TERRIFYING SCALE OF NUCLEAR BOMBS!!!
In this video demonstrate nuclear bombs and thermonuclear hydrogen bombs. Also i show the scale of nuclear bombs, how these bombs works. At last you can see speech of Einstein about E=MC2 and speech of Openheimer about destoyer of the worlds!!!
From playlist NUCLEAR PHYSICS
What Is An Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)?
Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) are a country’s nuclear weapon system. ICBMs have a minimum range of 3,100 miles (5,000 km). The missiles are primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery. The US Air Force approved the designation for the system that modernizes the ICBM. I
From playlist Military Mechanics
Railguns: Powerful new weapon or expensive dud?
Have you heard of electromagnetic railguns? They are powerful agile weapons that are used in the military. But how do they work and how were they conceived? Railguns are different from conventional weapons because the latter typically use the pressure from ignited gunpowder to propel proj
From playlist Radical Innovations
Moving And Reasembling An Old World War One Artillery Relic | Huge Moves | Spark
An expert team of heavy hauliers attempts to transport a massive World War One artillery gun 400 miles from the Royal Artillery in Wiltshire to a museum in Utrecht, Holland. The rare 200-ton gun was designed to be moved around the Western Front on rail lines. But for this move, the team ha
From playlist Huge Moves
The U.S. Heavy Guns of the Vietnam War
Self-propelled and towed artillery is demonstrated with operational overviews of the M109 155mm, M108 105mm, M107 175mm, M110 203mm, and M115 203mm, M114A1 155mm, M101A1 105mm, and M102 105mm.
From playlist Mega Playlist
Exclusive! Grab the NordVPN deal ➼ https://nordvpn.com/markfelton. Try it risk-free now with a 30-day money-back guarantee! In late 2022, Ukraine received a batch of old guns from Lithuania - US M101 Howitzers, a classic WWII artillery piece that saw action in all theatres against the Ger
From playlist War in Ukraine
M109A6 Paladin: U.S. Army's Heavy Hitter Joins the Fight in Ukraine
The Ukrainian war demonstrated once again that artillery is not obsolete. The US Department of Defense announced a new military aid package for Ukraine on January 6, 2023, and for the first time, the US will provide the Ukrainian army with 18 M109A6 Paladin 155mm tracked self-propelled how
From playlist Military Mechanics
Crazy Self propelled Howitzers from 75 to 420mm Caliber Size Comparison 3D
2B1 Oka Transformer has arrived ! This Russian Howitzer Had a Bigger Gun Than Iowa-Class Battleships. 2B1 Oka (Russian: 2Б1 Ока) is a Soviet 420 mm self-propelled heavy artillery. The Oka used a T-10 heavy tank hull as a chassis. Its 20-meter barrel allowed it to fire 750 kg rounds up t
From playlist Comparison
The past seven months of combat in Ukraine have demonstrated that the reign of artillery on the battlefield is far from over. When the West and NATO countries recognized that the war of Russian aggression in Ukraine has largely devolved into dueling artillery exchanges, they decided to
From playlist Military Mechanics
Western Front Artillery At The Outbreak of World War 1 I THE GREAT WAR Special
World War 1 was a war of artillery, 75% of casualties are attributed to artillery fire. And since the late 19th century the development of field canons, howitzers and mortars had made rapid progress. We are taking a look at the standard artillery pieces of the German, French and British Ar
From playlist SPECIAL EPISODES - The Great War
THE LARGEST NUCLEAR BOMB (Tsar Bomb) AND THE TERRIFYING SCALE OF NUCLEAR BOMBS!!!
In this video i show atomic bomb (american test 1955) and thermonuclear hydrogen bomb (soviet test 1955). Also i show the scale of nuclear bombs, how these bombs works and two examples of teratogenesis from radiation.
From playlist NUCLEAR PHYSICS
World's Most Powerful Visible Diode Laser
"The NUBM44 Laser Diode" The World's Most Powerful
From playlist Lasers
Nuclear Fission; splitting the atom for beginners: from fizzics.org
There are notes to support this video here:https://www.fizzics.org/nuclear-fission/ Nuclear Fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into two or more parts by hitting it with a small particle, almost always a neutron (a proton would be repelled from the positive nucleus and an el
From playlist My Top Videos
On the Move but going Nowhere - Optimism is Failing! l THE GREAT WAR Week 49
Two months after landing in Gallipoli the fight has become a trench warfare. In Mesopotamia British troops were losing the optimism, they had felt just a few weeks ago. The change of seasons brought more heat, turning the weather from bearable to excruciating. Heat became a deadly foe. Whi
From playlist World War 1 - 1915 (Season 2)