Mutual knowledge is a fundamental concept about information in game theory, (epistemic) logic, and epistemology. An event is mutual knowledge if all agents know that the event occurred. However, mutual knowledge by itself implies nothing about what agents know about other agents' knowledge: i.e. it is possible that an event is mutual knowledge but that each agent is unaware that the other agents know it has occurred. Common knowledge is a related but stronger notion; any event that is common knowledge is also mutual knowledge. The philosopher Stephen Schiffer, in his book Meaning, developed a notion he called "mutual knowledge" which functions quite similarly to David K. Lewis's "common knowledge". Communications (verbal or non-verbal) can turn mutual knowledge into common knowledge. For example, in the Muddy Children Puzzle with two children (Alice and Bob, ), if they both have muddy face (viz. ), both of them know that there is at least one muddy face. Written formally, let , and then we have . However, neither of them know that the other child knows, which makes mutual knowledge. Now suppose if Alice tells Bob that she knows (so that becomes common knowledge, i.e. ), and then Bob tell Alice that he knows as well (so that becomes common knowledge, i.e. ), this will turn into common knowledge, which is equivalent to the effect of a public announcement "there is at least one muddy face". (Wikipedia).
Logic: The Structure of Reason
As a tool for characterizing rational thought, logic cuts across many philosophical disciplines and lies at the core of mathematics and computer science. Drawing on Aristotle’s Organon, Russell’s Principia Mathematica, and other central works, this program tracks the evolution of logic, be
From playlist Logic & Philosophy of Mathematics
Knowing Ourselves Intellectually vs. Knowing Ourselves Emotionally
It's obviously a great idea to try to understand ourselves, but one of the further distinctions we need to make is between knowing ourselves intellectually and knowing ourselves emotionally. The latter variety of knowledge is rather harder but a good deal more valuable as well. For gifts a
From playlist SELF
Philosophy means, in Ancient Greek, the love of wisdom. But the word wisdom can sound very big and forbidding; what does it really mean to be wise? And how might we consciously strive to be a little wiser? If you like our films take a look at our shop (we ship worldwide): http://www.thesch
From playlist SELF
(IC 1.6) A different notion of "information"
An informal discussion of the distinctions between our everyday usage of the word "information" and the information-theoretic notion of "information". A playlist of these videos is available at: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLE125425EC837021F Attribution for image of TV static:
From playlist Information theory and Coding
http://www.teachastronomy.com/ Logic is a fundamental tool of the scientific method. In logic we can combine statements that are made in words or in mathematical symbols to produce concrete and predictable results. Logic is one of the ways that science moves forward. The first ideas of
From playlist 01. Fundamentals of Science and Astronomy
In this lecture, Dr Arif Ahmed (University of Cambridge) thinks about the concept of knowledge and the analysis of a particular category of knowledge called ‘propositional knowledge’ (also known as ‘knowledge that’). In particular, we focus on: (i) the distinction between different kinds o
From playlist Philosophy
Quantum Computer in a Nutshell (Documentary)
The reservoir of possibilities offered by the fundamental laws of Nature, is the key point in the development of science and technology. Quantum computing is the next step on the road to broaden our perspective from which we currently look at the Universe. The movie shows the history of pr
From playlist Quantum computing
This video focuses on how to write the converse of a conditional statement. In particular, this video shows how to flip the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement. The concepts of truth value and logical equivalence are explored as well. Your feedback and requests are encour
From playlist Geometry
Become an intellectual explorer: Master the art of conversation | Emily Chamlee-Wright | Big Think
Become an intellectual explorer: Master the art of conversation Watch the newest video from Big Think: https://bigth.ink/NewVideo Join Big Think+ for exclusive videos: https://bigthink.com/plus/ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- What is a
From playlist Better communication 101 | Big Think
Mod-05 Lec-23 The Nyaya Philosophy - IX
Indian Philosophy by Dr. Satya Sundar Sethy, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Madras. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
From playlist IIT Madras: Introduction to Indian Philosophy | CosmoLearning.org Philosophy
The Fact/Value Dichotomy & its Critics - Hilary Putnam (2007)
Professor Hilary Putnam gives the UCD Ulysses Medal Lecture titled "The Fact/Value Dichotomy and its critics" at UCD on 5th March 2007. Hilary Putnam (1926-2016) was an American philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist who was a central figure in analytic philosophy. He made imp
From playlist Social & Political Philosophy
Environmental Humanities MOOC - 07 Nature and power
Environmental Humanities MOOC - 07 Nature and power
From playlist Environmental Humanities MOOC
In this module, we examine the relationship between science and religion, focusing in particular on (i) the role of human endeavours in science and religion (ii) how typologies can help to discern the relationship between science and religion (iii) science and religion as an interdisciplin
From playlist Philosophy
03 Spatial Data Analytics: Frequentist Probability
Lecture on the basics of frequentist probability for subsurface / spatial modeling.
From playlist Spatial Data Analytics and Modeling
A World of Pure Experience (By William James)
William James' wonderful 1904 essay "A World of Pure Experience" read by Carl Manchester and from LibriVox. The paper comes from William James' "Essays in Radical Empiricism", which was published posthumously in 1912. Note, this is a version of an upload from the previous channel. The audi
From playlist Philosophy of Mind
Mod-08 Lec-37 The Vaisesika Philosophy - VI
Indian Philosophy by Dr. Satya Sundar Sethy, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Madras. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
From playlist IIT Madras: Introduction to Indian Philosophy | CosmoLearning.org Philosophy
24C3: Mifare (Little Security, Despite Obscurity)
Speakers: Karsten Nohl, Henryk Plötz Mifare are the most widely deployed brand of secure RFID chips, but their security relies on proprietary and secret cryptographic primitives. We analyzed the hardware of the Mifare tags and found weaknesses in several parts of the cipher. For more i
From playlist 24C3: Full steam ahead
A talk given by Barry Smith a few years back on the nature of self-knowledge (i.e. knowledge of one's own inner states of mind) and some of the philosophical problems that arise. He discusses some of the main metaphysical and epistemological issues, especially in relation to knowledge of o
From playlist Philosophy of Mind
What is the relationship between physics and philosophy?
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From playlist Science Unplugged: Big Ideas