Apportionment method criteria | Mathematical theorems
Mathematics of apportionment describes mathematical principles and algorithms for fair allocation of identical items among parties with different entitlements. Such principles are used to apportion seats in parliaments among federal states or political parties. See apportionment (politics) for the more concrete principles and issues related to apportionment, and apportionment by country for practical methods used around the world. Mathematically, an apportionment method is just a method of rounding fractions to integers. As simple as it may sound, each and every method for rounding suffers from one or more paradoxes. The mathematical theory of apportionment aims to decide what paradoxes can be avoided, or in other words, what properties can be expected from an apportionment method. The mathematical theory of apportionment was studied as early as 1907 by the mathematician Agner Krarup Erlang. It was later developed to a great detail by the mathematician Michel Balinsky and the economist Peyton Young. Besides its application to political parties, it is also applicable to fair item allocation when agents have different entitlements. It is also relevant in manpower planning - where jobs should be allocated in proportion to characteristics of the labor pool, to statistics - where the reported rounded numbers of percentages should sum up to 100%, and to bankruptcy problems. (Wikipedia).
Injective, Surjective and Bijective Functions (continued)
This video is the second part of an introduction to the basic concepts of functions. It looks at the different ways of representing injective, surjective and bijective functions. Along the way I describe a neat way to arrive at the graphical representation of a function.
From playlist Foundational Math
Evaluate an expression with one variable ex2, 2x + 3 - 2; x=5
π Learn how to evaluate mathematics expressions. A mathematics expression is a finite combination of numbers and symbols formed following a set of operations or rules. To evaluate a mathematics expression means to obtain the solution to the expression given the value(s) of the variable(s)
From playlist Simplify Expressions Using Order of Operations
Set Theory (Part 18): The Rational Numbers are Countably Infinite
Please feel free to leave comments/questions on the video and practice problems below! In this video, we will show that the rational numbers are equinumerous to the the natural numbers and integers. First, we will go over the standard argument listing out the rational numbers in a table a
From playlist Set Theory by Mathoma
Definition of an Injective Function and Sample Proof
We define what it means for a function to be injective and do a simple proof where we show a specific function is injective. Injective functions are also called one-to-one functions. Useful Math Supplies https://amzn.to/3Y5TGcv My Recording Gear https://amzn.to/3BFvcxp (these are my affil
From playlist Injective, Surjective, and Bijective Functions
Evaluating an expression with one variable ex 8, (-x^2 +1)/3; x = 3
π Learn how to evaluate mathematics expressions. A mathematics expression is a finite combination of numbers and symbols formed following a set of operations or rules. To evaluate a mathematics expression means to obtain the solution to the expression given the value(s) of the variable(s)
From playlist Simplify Expressions Using Order of Operations
Evaluating an expression with one variable ex 3, (2x - 4)/4x; x = -3
π Learn how to evaluate mathematics expressions. A mathematics expression is a finite combination of numbers and symbols formed following a set of operations or rules. To evaluate a mathematics expression means to obtain the solution to the expression given the value(s) of the variable(s)
From playlist Simplify Expressions Using Order of Operations
Math for Liberal Studies - Lecture 2.7.3 The Standard Divisor
This is the third video lecture for Math for Liberal Studies Section 2.7: Apportionment. In this video, I discuss alternatives to Hamilton's Method that avoid the paradoxes that we learned in the previous lecture. Specifically, we talk about Jefferson's method: a "guess and check" method o
From playlist Math for Liberal Studies Lectures
Evaluating an expression with one variable ex 4, x - 3 - 7x; x = 10
π Learn how to evaluate mathematics expressions. A mathematics expression is a finite combination of numbers and symbols formed following a set of operations or rules. To evaluate a mathematics expression means to obtain the solution to the expression given the value(s) of the variable(s)
From playlist Simplify Expressions Using Order of Operations
This video provides an introduction to apportionment. Site: http://mathispower4u.com
From playlist Apportionment
Evaluate an expression with one variable ex 5, 2(x - 3) - 5; x=-1
π Learn how to evaluate mathematics expressions. A mathematics expression is a finite combination of numbers and symbols formed following a set of operations or rules. To evaluate a mathematics expression means to obtain the solution to the expression given the value(s) of the variable(s)
From playlist Simplify Expressions Using Order of Operations
Apportionment: The Alabama Paradox
This video explains and provides an example of the Alabama paradox. Site: http://mathispower4u.com
From playlist Apportionment
Apportionment: Hamilton's Method
This video explains and provides an example of the Hamilton's method of apportionment.. Site: http://mathispower4u.com
From playlist Apportionment
Number Theory | Congruence Modulo n -- Definition and Examples
We define the notion of congruence modulo n among the integers. http://www.michael-penn.net
From playlist Modular Arithmetic and Linear Congruences
Apportionment: Huntington-Hill Method
This video explains and provides an example of the Huntington-Hill method of apportionment. Site: http://mathispower4u.com
From playlist Apportionment
Apportionment: Webster's Method
This video explains Webster's method of apportionment. Site: http://mathispower4u.com
From playlist Apportionment
Apportionment: Jefferson's Method
This video explains and provides an example of Jefferson's method of apportionment.. Site: http://mathispower4u.com
From playlist Apportionment
Math for Liberal Studies: Apportionment -- Introduction
In this video, we learn the basic concepts we use to solve apportionment problems. Once you have watched this video, you're ready to learn about how to actually solve an apportionment problem using one of the methods below: Hamilton's Method: Jefferson's Method: Adams' Method: Webster's
From playlist Math for Liberal Studies
Apportionment: The New States Paradox
The video explains the new states paradox and provides an example of the population paradox. Site: http://mathispower4u.com
From playlist Apportionment
Evaluate a linear expression for two variables
π Learn how to evaluate mathematics expressions. A mathematics expression is a finite combination of numbers and symbols formed following a set of operations or rules. To evaluate a mathematics expression means to obtain the solution to the expression given the value(s) of the variable(s)
From playlist Simplify Expressions Using Order of Operations
Math for Liberal Studies - Lecture 2.7.1 The Apportionment Problem
This is the first video lecture for Math for Liberal Studies Section 2.7: Apportionment. In this video, I give an overview of the apportionment problem: assigning representatives to states based on their population.
From playlist Math for Liberal Studies Lectures