Decision-making paradoxes

Fredkin's paradox

Fredkin's paradox concerns the negative correlation between the difference between two options and the difficulty of deciding between them. Developed further, the paradox constitutes a major challenge to the possibility of pure instrumental rationality. Proposed by Edward Fredkin, it reads: "The more equally attractive two alternatives seem, the harder it can be to choose between them—no matter that, to the same degree, the choice can only matter less." Thus, a decision-making agent might spend the most time on the least important decisions. An intuitive response to Fredkin's paradox is to calibrate decision-making time with the importance of the decision: to calculate the cost of optimizing into the optimization, a version of the value of information. However, this response is self-referential and spawns a new, recursive paradox: the decision-maker must now optimize the optimization of the optimization, and so on. (Wikipedia).

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Newcomb's paradox | Famous Math Problems 7 | NJ Wildberger

Newcomb's paradox was first studied by American physicist William Newcomb, and popularized by articles by Robert Nozick and famously Martin Gardner in one of his 1974 Mathematical Games columns in Scientific American. The paradox involves notions of free will, determinism, choice, probabil

From playlist Famous Math Problems

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Twins Paradox: The Complete Explanation

The twins paradox is easily the most famous paradoxes of all time. Using spacetime diagrams and the rules of relativity, we can show the paradox only happens because people are being lazy with special relativity. http://brilliant.org/ScienceAsylum ________________________________ VIDEO ANN

From playlist Einstein's Relativity

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Relativity: how people get time dilation wrong

Einstein’s special theory of relativity is notorious for being easy to misuse, with the result that sometimes result in claims of paradoxes. When one digs more carefully into the theory, you find that no such paradoxes actually exist. In this video, Fermilab’s Dr. Don Lincoln describes a

From playlist Relativity

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What is a Symmetry?

Symmetries show up everywhere in physics. But what is a symmetry? While the symmetries of shapes can be interesting, a lot of times, we are more interested in symmetries of space or symmetries of spacetime. To describe these, we need to build "invariants" which give a mathematical represen

From playlist Relativity

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Twin paradox: the real explanation (no math)

The Twin Paradox is the most famous of all of the seeming-inconsistencies of special relativity. In this video, Fermilab’s Dr. Don Lincoln explains it without using mathematics. This is a companion video for his earlier one in which the same question was handled mathematically. Related

From playlist Relativity

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Terrific Toothpick Patterns - Numberphile

Fun with toothpicks. Featuring Neil Sloane. More links & stuff in full description below ↓↓↓ Neil Sloane is the founder of the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences: https://oeis.org Play with the toothpick simulator: http://oeis.org/A139250/a139250.anim.html The Toothpick Sequence

From playlist Neil Sloane on Numberphile

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What the heck is a Multiverse?

The idea of a multiverse (short for multiple universes) can seem absurd. After all, the definition of universe means everything, so what does it mean to have multiple universes? In this video, Fermilab’s Dr. Don Lincoln lists a couple possible definitions for a multiverse. The reality in

From playlist Speculative Physics

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Computing Limit - Computerphile

Just how far can we go with processing speed? Physicist Professor Phil Moriarty talks about the hard limits of computing. Technical physics (aside) video: https://youtu.be/mBdCE5hOexM https://www.facebook.com/computerphile https://twitter.com/computer_phile This video was filmed and ed

From playlist Professor Moriarty - Sixty Symbols

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The Computer Chronicles - Computer Bowl II Part 2 (1990)

Special thanks to archive.org for hosting these episodes. Downloads of all these episodes and more can be found at: http://archive.org/details/computerchronicles

From playlist The Computer Chronicles 1990 Episodes

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History of Science and Technology Q&A (June 2, 2021)

Stephen Wolfram hosts a live and unscripted Ask Me Anything about the history of science and technology for all ages. Originally livestreamed at: https://twitch.tv/stephen_wolfram/ Outline of Q&A 0:00 Stream starts 2:35 Stephen begins the stream 3:07 What appeared first in math, complex

From playlist Stephen Wolfram Ask Me Anything About Science & Technology

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History of Science and Technology Q&A (October 6, 2021)

Stephen Wolfram hosts a live and unscripted Ask Me Anything about the history of science and technology for all ages. Originally livestreamed at: https://twitch.tv/stephen_wolfram/ Outline of Q&A 0:00 Stream starts 0:31 Stephen begins the stream 1:12 What does history have to say abou

From playlist Stephen Wolfram Ask Me Anything About Science & Technology

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The Computer Chronicles - Computer Bowl II Part 1 (1990)

Special thanks to archive.org for hosting these episodes. Downloads of all these episodes and more can be found at: http://archive.org/details/computerchronicles

From playlist The Computer Chronicles 1990 Episodes

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What is General Relativity? Lesson 69: The Einstein Equation

What is General Relativity? Lesson 69: The Einstein Equation Having done so much work with the Einstein tensor, the interpretation of the Einstein equation is almost anti-climatic! The hard part is finding the Newtonian limit in order to understand the constant of proportionality between

From playlist What is General Relativity?

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Rebooting the Cosmos: Is the Universe the Ultimate Computer?

As computers become progressively faster and more powerful, they’ve gained the impressive capacity to simulate increasingly realistic environments. Which raises a question familiar to aficionados of The Matrix—might life and the world as we know it be a simulation on a super advanced compu

From playlist Explore the World Science Festival

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History of Science and Technology Q&A (March 9, 2022)

Stephen Wolfram hosts a live and unscripted Ask Me Anything about the history of science and technology for all ages. Find the playlist of Q&A's here: https://wolfr.am/youtube-sw-qa Originally livestreamed at: https://twitch.tv/stephen_wolfram If you missed the original livestream of

From playlist Stephen Wolfram Ask Me Anything About Science & Technology

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The Andromeda Paradox Explained: Loss of simultaneity in special relativity

#SpecialRelativity Bob is sitting on a park bench feeding pigeons. He sees Alice heading in his direction, enjoying a morning run. “How are you?” he calls. Breathless, she responds. “Fine. But an armada from the Andromeda Galaxy has just departed for Earth.” Bob laughs. “No, it hasn’t!” Wh

From playlist Special Relativity - A Gentle Introduction

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The Primacy of Experiment - Kyle Cranmer

The Universe Speaks in Numbers Physics and mathematics seem to be in a pre-established harmony, as Gottfried Leibniz observed long ago. New ideas generated by mathematical researchers have often proved to be essential to physicists trying to discover the most basic laws of nature. Likewise

From playlist The Universe Speaks in Numbers

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Roger Penrose: Physics of Consciousness and the Infinite Universe | Lex Fridman Podcast #85

Roger Penrose is physicist, mathematician, and philosopher at University of Oxford. He has made fundamental contributions in many disciplines from the mathematical physics of general relativity and cosmology to the limitations of a computational view of consciousness. Support this podcast

From playlist AI talks

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What is general relativity?

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From playlist Science Unplugged: General Relativity

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Harnessing Quantum Computers

Current computing technology utilizes a binary computation system—that is, it reads code embedded with states of "on" or "off" (one or zero) to perform calculations. But scientists have been working to expand on the inherent limitations of such logic systems by using the fuzzy nature of su

From playlist Technology

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Tyranny of small decisions | Value of information | Correlation | Decision theory | Buridan's ass