Epistemic closure is a property of some belief systems. It is the principle that if a subject knows , and knows that entails , then can thereby come to know . Most epistemological theories involve a closure principle and many skeptical arguments assume a closure principle. On the other hand, some epistemologists, including Robert Nozick, have denied closure principles on the basis of reliabilist accounts of knowledge. Nozick, in Philosophical Explanations, advocated that, when considering the Gettier problem, the least counter-intuitive assumption we give up should be epistemic closure. Nozick suggested a "truth tracking" theory of knowledge, in which the x was said to know P if x's belief in P tracked the truth of P through the relevant modal scenarios. A subject may not actually believe q, for example, regardless of whether he or she is justified or warranted. Thus, one might instead say that knowledge is closed under known deduction: if, while knowing p, S believes q because S knows that p entails q, then S knows q. An even stronger formulation would be as such: If, while knowing various propositions, S believes p because S knows that these propositions entail p, then S knows p. While the principle of epistemic closure is generally regarded as intuitive, philosophers such as Robert Nozick and Fred Dretske have argued against it. (Wikipedia).
Galois theory: Algebraic closure
This lecture is part of an online graduate course on Galois theory. We define the algebraic closure of a field as a sort of splitting field of all polynomials, and check that it is algebraically closed. We hen give a topological proof that the field C of complex numbers is algebraically
From playlist Galois theory
Commutative Algebra - Integral Closures - part 03 - Integral Closedness is Local (an Normality)
In this video we show that being integrally closed is a local property.
From playlist Integral Closures
Commutative Algebra - Integral Closures - part 01 - Basics
This is a video for a second semester graduate algebra class.
From playlist Integral Closures
Field Theory - Algebraically Closed Fields (part 2) - Lecture 10
In this video we should that algebraically closed fields exist and are unique. We assume that the direct limit construction works. The construction here depends on the axiom of choice.
From playlist Field Theory
Closure of Sets (Allegra's Question)
clarifying the idea of closure of a set under an operation
From playlist Middle School This Year
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From playlist Calculus
Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions (Differential Equations 11)
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From playlist Differential Equations
Paola Cantù : Logic and Interaction:pragmatics and argumentation theory
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From playlist Logic and Foundations
All About Closed Sets and Closures of Sets (and Clopen Sets) | Real Analysis
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From playlist Real Analysis
Two Varieties of the Subjective-Objective Distinction
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From playlist Philosophy of Mind
Anti-Vaxxers, Conspiracy Theories, & Epistemic Responsibility: Crash Course Philosophy #14
Today we explore what obligations we hold with our personal beliefs. Hank explains epistemic responsibility and the issues it raises with everything from religious belief, to ship owning, to vaccinations. -- Images via Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons by 4.0: https://cr
From playlist Philosophy
Mod-06 Lec-28 The Philosophy of Buddha - V
Indian Philosophy by Dr. Satya Sundar Sethy, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Madras. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
From playlist IIT Madras: Introduction to Indian Philosophy | CosmoLearning.org Philosophy
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From playlist Social & Political Philosophy
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From playlist A-Level Philosophy
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From playlist VLC201 - The Structure of English
The Best Argument For Moral Realism?
A clip of Hilary Putnam giving a "Reductio Ad Rortyan" argument for moral realism (or against moral anti-realism) and then Nathan Nobis provides a similar such argument, a version of a companion in guilt argument. Note, this is a version of an upload from the previous channel of something
From playlist Ethics & Moral Philosophy
Language & Social Ontology (John Searle)
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From playlist Social & Political Philosophy
Stanford Seminar - On the Origin of Experience: The Shaping of Sense and the Complex World
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From playlist Engineering
Calculus: Absolute Maximum and Minimum Values
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From playlist Calculus