Cross-species transmission

Bayesian statistics

Cross-species transmission (CST), also called interspecies transmission, host jump, or spillover, is the transmission of an infectious pathogen, such as a virus, between hosts belonging to different species. Once introduced into an individual of a new host species, the pathogen may cause disease for the new host and/or acquire the ability to infect other individuals of the same species, allowing it to spread through the new host population. The phenomenon is most commonly studied in virology, but cross-species transmission may also occur with bacterial pathogens or other types of microorganisms. Steps involved in the transfer of pathogens to new hosts include contact between the pathogen and the host; the successful infection of an initial individual host, which may lead to amplification and an outbreak; and the adaptation of the pathogen, within either the original or new host, which may render it capable of spreading efficiently between individuals in populations of the new host. The concept is important in understanding and controlling emerging infectious diseases in humans, especially those caused by viruses. Most viral diseases of humans are zoonotic in origin, having been historically transmitted to human populations from various animal species; examples include SARS, Ebola, swine flu, rabies, and avian influenza. The exact mechanisms which facilitate cross-species transmission vary by pathogen, and even for common diseases are often poorly understood. It is believed that viruses with high mutation rates are able to rapidly adapt to new hosts and thereby overcome host-specific immunological defenses, allowing their continued transmission. A host shifting event occurs when a strain that was previously zoonotic begins to circulate exclusively among the new host species. Pathogen transfer is most likely to occur between species which are frequently in close contact with each other. It can also occur indirectly between species with less frequent contact if facilitated by an intermediary species; for example, a reservoir species may transfer the virus to a vector species, which in turn transfers the virus to humans. The degree of phylogenetic relatedness between host species also influences the likelihood that a pathogen is transmitted between them, likely because of the similarity of the hosts' immunological defenses; for example, most human zoonotic transmissions come from other species of mammals. Pathogens of more distantly related species, on the other hand, such as plant viruses, may not be capable of infecting humans at all. Other factors influencing transmission rates include geographic proximity and intraspecies behaviors. Due to climate change and land use expansion, the risk of viral spillover is predicted to significantly increase. (Wikipedia).

Mechanisms of Natural Selection Part 1: Types of Sexual Selection

We touched upon sexual selection when we learned about natural selection. Essentially when there is a variance in the reproductive success of a particular sex for a given species, secondary sex characteristics will develop in that species, because one sex has the opportunity to choose a ma

From playlist Biology/Genetics

Mechanisms that Increase Genetic Variation

034 - Mechanisms that Increase Genetic Variation Paul Andersen describes mechanisms that increase the genetic variation within a population. He begins by discussing how horizontal transfer can move genetic material between bacteria. Transformation, transduction, and conjugation in bacte

From playlist AP Biology Video Essentials

Bitcoin Q&A: Open Source as Cross-pollination & Consensus Through Collaboration

Keywords/phrases: The interest of anthropologists drawing similarities between evolutionary biology and market economies. Cross-pollination/ cross-genetic lines or horizontal transfer of DNA between species vs. the open source environment. Different cryptocurrency developers exchanging cod

From playlist English Subtitles - aantonop Videos with subtitles in English

What Is Asexual Reproduction | Genetics | Biology | FuseSchool

What Is Asexual Reproduction | Genetics | Biology | FuseSchool Asexual reproduction only needs one parent; all the offspring are clones. This means they are genetically identical to one another and to the parent. Many plants use asexual reproduction, like spider plants. Bacteria also rep

From playlist BIOLOGY: Genetics

Coevolution

Watch more videos on http://www.brightstorm.com/science/biology SUBSCRIBE FOR All OUR VIDEOS! https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=brightstorm2 VISIT BRIGHTSTORM.com FOR TONS OF VIDEO TUTORIALS AND OTHER FEATURES! http://www.brightstorm.com/ LET'S CONNECT! Facebook ► htt

From playlist Biology

Morosov2008 multi-species reaction-diffusion

Andrew Morozov, Shigui Ruan, Bai-Lian Li (2008) "Patterns of patchy spread in multi-species reaction–diffusion models" Ecological Complexity, Volume 5, Issue 4, Pages 313-328. The system shown in Figs. 5-8, with delta varying across the image from 0.095 to 0.15. Run it for yourself in Re

From playlist Ready

How Cloning Happens Regularly In Nature

Episode 1 of 5 Check us out on iTunes! http://testtube.com/podcast Please Subscribe! http://testu.be/1FjtHn5 Some organisms have the innate ability to naturally clone themselves. Usually they can do it through one of three types of asexual reproduction: Binary fission, clonal frag

From playlist Cloning: How We Got Here and Should We Keep Going?

Symbiotic Relationships

From playlist Biology

Genetics as Revolution - 2015 JBS Haldane Lecture with Alison Woollard

The ideas of genetics are revolutionary. Today, technology is galvanising disruptive change in our understanding and ability to intervene with nature itself. What can we change, and should we? Professor Alison Woollard presents the 2015 Genetics Society JBS Haldane Lecture. Watch the Q&A

From playlist Ri Talks

Can you use the same vaccine on different species? | The Royal Society

Sir Jeremy Farrar introduces this 2021 Africa Prize lecture from Professor George Warimwe. More than 70% of emerging infectious diseases (including viruses) are zoonotic, meaning they are acquired from animals, with some causing serious illness and death in humans as well as the animal hos

From playlist Latest talks and lectures

Can we make rabies history? Realising the value of research for the global elimination of rabies

Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2018 given by Professor Sarah Cleaveland OBE FRS. Rabies is one of the world’s oldest-known, most terrifying and most deadly diseases. Although the disease no longer poses a threat to public health in many wealthier parts of the world, tens of thousands of people in i

From playlist Latest talks and lectures

How do viruses jump from animals to humans? - Ben Longdon

Discover the science of how viruses can jump from one species to another and the deadly epidemics that can result from these pathogens. -- At a Maryland country fair in 2017, farmers reported feverish hogs with inflamed eyes and running snouts. While farmers worried about the pigs, the d

From playlist New TED-Ed Originals

Evolution of Learned Behaviors: A Genomic and Computational Perspective - N. Creanza - 1/14/16

Bioinformatics Research Symposium Beckman Institute Auditorium Thursday, January 14, 2016

From playlist Bioinformatics Research Symposium

Virus hunting in Cameroon: by Nature Video

Global pandemics, like swine flu, are often caused by viruses that have jumped from animals to people. Scientists in Cameroon are working with local bush meat hunters to monitor this viral transmission. They hope that their work will help us predict and prevent outbreaks like swine flu i

From playlist Nature papers

COVID-19, Humans, and Wildlife: What Do We Know? | National Geographic

What did we learn from the current pandemic and how can we prevent it from happening again? Join panelists as they have a conversation about COVID-19 at the interface of humans and animals. Panelists: Natasha Daly (moderator): Writer & Editor, National Geographic Dr. Chris Golden: Assista

From playlist News | National Geographic

What is Natural Selection (and why it is not 'survival of the fittest')? by Amitabh Joshi

Kaapi with Kuriosity What is Natural Selection (and why it is not 'survival of the fittest')? Speaker: Amitabh Joshi (JNCASR, Bengaluru) When: 4:00 pm to 5:30 pm Sunday, 26 March 2023 Where: Jawaharlal Nehru Planetarium, Bengaluru Abstract: The term 'natural

From playlist Kaapi With Kuriosity (A Monthly Public Lecture Series)

ScienceLIVE: The Threat of H7N9 Bird Flu

From playlist ScienceLIVE

Variation in a Species

How variation can be introduced into a species. More free lessons at: http://www.khanacademy.org/video?v=DuArVnT1i-E

From playlist Evolution | High School Biology | Khan Academy

How to Make A Humanzee

We all know about inter species animal hybrids - Napoleon Dynamite's favorite animal, the liger, is a typical example. But could a human and our closest primate relative the chimpanzee also breed a living hybrid? Hank explores this ... delicate question in this episode of SciShow. Like Sc

From playlist Uploads

20. Coevolution

Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122) Coevolution happens at many levels, not just the level of species. Organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts serve as good intracellular examples. Other living things make up a crucial component of an organism's environment.

From playlist Evolution, Ecology and Behavior with Stephen C. Stearns

Cross-species transmission

Related pages