Units of measurement of the Holy Roman Empire
The Cologne Mark was a unit of weight (or mass) equivalent to 233.856 grams (about 3,609 grains). The Cologne mark was in use from the 11th century onward. It came to be used as the base unit for a number of currency standards, including the Lübeck monetary system, which was important in northern Europe in the late Middle Ages, and the coinage systems of the Holy Roman Empire, most significantly the 1754 conventionsthaler, which was defined as 1⁄10 of a Cologne Mark and replaced the reichsthaler which had been 1⁄9 of a Cologne mark. The Mark was defined as half a Cologne Pfund (pound). A Pfund was divided into 16 Unzen (ounces) of 29.23 grams, (about 451 grains). Each Unze was subdivided into 2 Lot, 8 Quentchen, and 32 Pfennig. This ounce was the basis of several other pounds, including in England the Tower pound (12 ounces), the Merchant's pound (15 ounces), and the London pound (16 ounces). The Cologne pfund (2 marks) should not be confused with the pfund of around 350 grams, 5400 grains, used in the Nuremberg apothecaries' system (Apothekergewicht), and was approximately equal to the old Tower pound (11⁄2 marks). This pfund had 12 unzen, each of which contained 36 Gran, with the Gran equal to 0.812 grams (about 12.53 grains). (Wikipedia).
Stahlhelm - Postwar Use of Germany's Wartime Helmet
The iconic German WW2 helmet was used long after the demise of the Third Reich, and is still in use in 2022 in a few countries. Dr. Mark Felton FRHistS is a well-known British historian, the author of 22 non-fiction books, including bestsellers 'Zero Night' and 'Castle of the Eagles', bot
From playlist Helmets
Cologne Close-Up (1945) / Köln nach dem Krieg
Cologne was mostly destroyed during the Second World War. However, many people returned to the city. In contrast, numerous German prisoners of war be imprisoned. Find more videos about Cologne: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3kG3TM8jFKgjBFBBUU63GUf2HQuZWfAI ______________________
From playlist HISTORY OF COLOGNE
Nazi Symbols - The Story Behind the Imagery
None of the images the Nazis used were created by them, rather they utilised a series of much older symbols from all over the world. Here is the story behind those controversial images. Dr. Mark Felton is a well-known British historian, the author of 22 non-fiction books, including bestse
From playlist History of Nazi Symbols
The Church Faces A Challenge (1948) / Der Kölner Dom vor Herausforderungen
In Amsterdam, the World Council of Protestants meets with 1.000 delegates from 14 countries to worship. During the ceremony, West-Berlin is under siege and must be supplied by the Berlin Airlift. The industry in the city is weak and more and more people become unemployed. The Cologne Ca
From playlist HISTORY OF COLOGNE
Corpus Christi In Cologne (1947) / Prozession durch Köln
For the second time, since the WW2, the Corpus Christi ceremony took place in Cologne. The Sacrament is carried along beneath a canopy. Find more videos about Cologne: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3kG3TM8jFKgjBFBBUU63GUf2HQuZWfAI _____________________________ GERMAN: Zum zweit
From playlist HISTORY OF COLOGNE
Why Did It Take 632 Years to Complete Cologne Cathedral?
Get a special 30-day Skillshare free trial: https://skl.sh/interestingengineering A well-known example of Gothic architecture and German Catholicism that was inducted into the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1996. At 515 ft.(157 m), the cathedral is the tallest twin-spired church in the wo
From playlist Iconic Builds
FRONTLINE WW2: 3rd Army Crosses the Rhine
This short video shows the United States entering Germany and crossing the Rhine river.
From playlist Mega Playlist
Köln '45 - Zerstörung und Wiederaufbau
In der Nacht vom 30. zum 31.Mai 1942 erfuhr Köln den ersten "Tausend-Bomber-Angriff" in der Kriegsgeschichte. Dazu schrieb ein Offizier der Luftflotte 4 in sein Tagebuch: "Der Himmel über Köln glüht wie bei einem Vulkanausbruch!". Im Feburar 1945 begann die Offensive der Alliierten bei J
From playlist Städte in Deutschland 1945
Find out what happened when the US answer to the dreaded German Tiger tank, the M26 Pershing, came face-to-face with its nemesis in the campaign to capture Cologne in 1945. Support my channel by becoming a Patron: https://www.patreon.com/markfeltonproductions Photo credit: baku13 Film: Yo
From playlist Tanks
Cologne Captured (1945) / Köln wird besiegt
After air raids and street fighting, the Allies defeated the Germans in Krefeld, Cologne and Kevelaer. Especially in Cologne, the consequences were enormous. About 85 per cent of the buildings and the roads were destroyed. Find more videos about Cologne: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?l
From playlist Bombing of Germany
Portraits of Power - Adenauer - Germany Reborn Narrated by Henry Fonda This documentary describes the life of the German politician Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer. Adenauer was the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1951 to 1955 and also the first Minister of Foreign
From playlist Portraits of Power - Those who shaped the Twentieth Century
The Key To Perfect Design | How Did They Build That? | Spark
An investigation into the greatest man-made structures of all time, exploring how new materials and construction techniques have allowed engineers, builders, and architects to work to the limits of their ability. The series focuses on the buildings that re-wrote the rulebook and the archit
From playlist Spark Top Docs
Nashorn vs Pershing, Germany 1945
Find out what happened when America's latest tank, the Pershing, went head-to-head with Germany's greatest tank killer, the Nashorn, during one of the last desperate battles in Germany in March 1945. Enjoy reading, then check out my latest book, The Bridge Busters: The First Dambusters an
From playlist Battle of Germany 1944-45
Super Pershing vs King Tiger Duel 1945
It's one of the great tank duels of World War II, when an American Super Pershing went head-to-head with the dreaded German King Tiger in Dessau in April 1945. But did they? The truth is surprisingly different. Watch my other films of the Pershing in WWII: Nashorn vs. Pershing: https://yo
From playlist Battle of Germany 1944-45
Symbolism, Depth, & Romanticism (Isaiah Berlin 1965)
Isaiah Berlin at his very best. This comes from his brilliant series on Romanticism, which you should definitely check out: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhP9EhPApKE_9uxkmfSIt2JJK6oKbXmd- Isaiah Berlin Overdose: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhP9EhPApKE-z227nn_-_PKw5lGfo
From playlist Social & Political Philosophy