In physical cosmology, baryogenesis (also known as baryosynthesis) is the physical process that is hypothesized to have taken place during the early universe to produce baryonic asymmetry, i.e. the imbalance of matter (baryons) and antimatter (antibaryons) in the observed universe. One of the outstanding problems in modern physics is the predominance of matter over antimatter in the universe. The universe, as a whole, seems to have a nonzero positive baryon number density. Since it is assumed in cosmology that the particles we see were created using the same physics we measure today, it would normally be expected that the overall baryon number should be zero, as matter and antimatter should have been created in equal amounts. A number of theoretical mechanisms are proposed to account for this discrepancy, namely identifying conditions that favour symmetry breaking and the creation of normal matter (as opposed to antimatter). This imbalance has to be exceptionally small, on the order of 1 in every 1630000000 (≈2×109) particles a small fraction of a second after the Big Bang. After most of the matter and antimatter was annihilated, what remained was all the baryonic matter in the current universe, along with a much greater number of bosons. Experiments reported in 2010 at Fermilab, however, seem to show that this imbalance is much greater than previously assumed. These experiments involved a series of particle collisions and found that the amount of generated matter was approximately 1% larger than the amount of generated antimatter. The reason for this discrepancy is not yet known. Most grand unified theories explicitly break the baryon number symmetry, which would account for this discrepancy, typically invoking reactions mediated by very massive X bosons (X) or massive Higgs bosons (H0). The rate at which these events occur is governed largely by the mass of the intermediate X or H0 particles, so by assuming these reactions are responsible for the majority of the baryon number seen today, a maximum mass can be calculated above which the rate would be too slow to explain the presence of matter today. These estimates predict that a large volume of material will occasionally exhibit a spontaneous proton decay, which has not been observed. Therefore, the imbalance between matter and antimatter remains a mystery. Baryogenesis theories are based on different descriptions of the interaction between fundamental particles. Two main theories are electroweak baryogenesis (standard model), which would occur during the electroweak epoch, and the GUT baryogenesis, which would occur during or shortly after the grand unification epoch. Quantum field theory and statistical physics are used to describe such possible mechanisms. Baryogenesis is followed by primordial nucleosynthesis, when atomic nuclei began to form. Unsolved problem in physics: Why does the observable universe have more matter than antimatter? (more unsolved problems in physics) (Wikipedia).
Cellular Respiration Part 3: The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
The trilogy is finally concluded! And with a bang, no less, as this final stage of cellular respiration is the one that provides the big energy payoff for the cell. Let's learn about how the products of the Citric Acid cycle go on to the electron transport chain to facilitate reactions tha
From playlist Biochemistry
Chemical Reactions (4 of 11) Decomposition Reactions, An Explanation
Describes the basics of decomposition reactions, how to identify them, predict the products and balance the chemical equation. Two examples are also shown, decomposition of sugar and hydrogen peroxide. A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical change of one set of chemic
From playlist Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry
Particle physics in the early universe (Lecture 1) by Masahide Yamaguchi
PROGRAM PHYSICS OF THE EARLY UNIVERSE (HYBRID) ORGANIZERS: Robert Brandenberger (McGill University, Canada), Jerome Martin (IAP, France), Subodh Patil (Leiden University, Netherlands) and L. Sriramkumar (IIT - Madras, India) DATE: 03 January 2022 to 12 January 2022 VENUE: Online and Ra
From playlist Physics of the Early Universe - 2022
Baryogenesis and leptogenesis by Urjit A Yajnik
Candles of Darkness DATE :05 June TIME2017 to 09 June 2017 VENUE:Ramanujan Lecture Hall, ICTS Bangalore DARK MATTER AND THE SEARCH FOR PHYSICS BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL "Darkness is your candle. Your boundaries are your quest."- Jalal-ud-din Rumi of Balkh (1207 - 1273) High energy Phys
From playlist Candles of Darkness
This biology video tutorial provides a basic introduction into cellular respiration. It covers the 4 principal stages of cellular respiration such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the kreb’s cycle, and the electron transport chain. It also covers anaerobic cellular respiration such as
From playlist Biology
Neutrino mixing and baryogenesis via leptogenesis from complex sacling by Probir Roy
Candles of Darkness DATE: 05 June TIME2017 to 09 June 2017 VENUE:Ramanujan Lecture Hall, ICTS Bangalore DARK MATTER AND THE SEARCH FOR PHYSICS BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL "Darkness is your candle. Your boundaries are your quest."- Jalal-ud-din Rumi of Balkh (1207 - 1273) High energy Phys
From playlist Candles of Darkness
Photosynthesis: Light Reactions and the Calvin Cycle
We get energy by eating other organisms, but plants don't have to do that. They can build their own food out of water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight. I'm sure you've heard of photosynthesis before, but let's take a look at some of the finer points, shall we? Watch the whole Biochemistry pl
From playlist Biochemistry
(March 4, 2013) Leonard Susskind examines one of the fundamental questions in cosmology: why are there more protons than anti-protons in the universe today? The answer lies in theory of baryogenesis in the very early universe. Originally presented in the Stanford Continuing Studies Progr
From playlist Lecture Collection | Cosmology
Astronomy: The Big Bang (18 of 30) What is Baryogenesis?
Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will explain what is and what happened during baryogenesis.
From playlist ASTRONOMY 25 THE BIG BANG
You must have wondered about it before, haven't you? How did life begin on earth? I mean the very first thing. The first unicellular organism, billions of years ago. Is it even possible? As it happens, our understanding of chemistry, biochemistry, and biology has become so sophisticated ov
From playlist Biology/Genetics
Hangout with CERN: ISOLDE - The dream of the alchemists (S03E06)
In this week's hangout scientists from the ISOLDE facility at CERN explain how the facility fulfils the old alchemical dream of changing one element into another! This hangout follows on from last week's hangout, where we spoke about the latest ISOLDE news of pear-shaped atomic nuclei and
From playlist Hangouts with CERN
Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis Reactions
This biochemistry video tutorial explains the difference between hydrolysis reactions and dehydration synthesis reactions. My Website: https://www.video-tutor.net Patreon Donations: https://www.patreon.com/MathScienceTutor Amazon Store: https://www.amazon.com/shop/theorganicchemistrytu
From playlist Biochemistry
The Riddle of Anti-Matter - PREVIEW
An international race is picking up speed... to see our universe for what it really is... and how it came to be. According to standard theory, the universe emerged from the explosive contact between subatomic particles of opposite charge. Scientists are now focusing their most powerful tec
From playlist The Solar System
Astronomy: The Big Bang (20 of 30) The Lepton Era (time = 1s to 3min) We Have Mass!
Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will explain the Lepton Era where leptons dominated the mass of the universe.
From playlist ASTRONOMY 25 THE BIG BANG
Dark Matter: Radiation Would Have Washed Away Galaxies Without It, with Lisa Randall | Big Think
Dark Matter: Radiation Would Have Washed Away Galaxies Without Watch the newest video from Big Think: https://bigth.ink/NewVideo Join Big Think Edge for exclusive videos: https://bigth.ink/Edge ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Here's what
From playlist Best Videos | Big Think
What Is Aerobic Respiration? | Physiology | Biology | FuseSchool
What Is Aerobic Respiration? | Physiology | Biology | FuseSchool Respiration is the chemical process that supplies the body with energy for all other life processes: growth and repair of cells, muscle contraction, protein synthesis, sending nerve impulses, absorbing molecules in active tr
From playlist BIOLOGY: Physiology
The Origin of Multicellular Life: Cell Specialization and Animal Development
Alright, so we've learned a lot about the origin of life. We learned about how the first organic molecules can have formed spontaneously, and how they might have assembled into the first protocell. From there, endosymbiotic theory tells us how these merged to form more complex eukaryotic c
From playlist Biology/Genetics
Chemical Reaction (5 of 11) Synthesis Reactions, an Explanation
Describes the basics of synthesis reactions, how to identify them, predict the product and balance the chemical equation. Two examples are also shown, synthesis of MgO and ZnS. A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical change of one set of chemical substances to another
From playlist Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry
Synthetic Biology and Materials Science Part 1: Biological Manufacturing
We've discussed some aspects of biotechnology already, but we have yet to discuss the promising field of synthetic biology. We are now able to manipulate biological organisms in ways that have technological applications, and one of the most important of these applications has to do with ma
From playlist Biology/Genetics
CMB & LSS: Overview of linear theory and Cosmological Background - David Spergel
Prospects in Theoretical Physics Particle Physics at the LHC and Beyond Topic: CMB & LSS: Overview of linear theory and Cosmological Background Speaker: David Spergel Date: July 24th, 2017
From playlist PiTP 2017