An autocatalytic set is a collection of entities, each of which can be created catalytically by other entities within the set, such that as a whole, the set is able to catalyze its own production. In this way the set as a whole is said to be autocatalytic. Autocatalytic sets were originally and most concretely defined in terms of molecular entities, but have more recently been metaphorically extended to the study of systems in sociology and economics. Autocatalytic sets also have the ability to replicate themselves if they are split apart into two physically separated spaces. Computer models illustrate that split autocatalytic sets will reproduce all of the reactions of the original set in each half, much like cellular mitosis. In effect, using the principles of autocatalysis, a small metabolism can replicate itself with very little high level organization. This property is why autocatalysis is a contender as the foundational mechanism for complex evolution. Prior to Watson and Crick, biologists considered autocatalytic sets the way metabolism functions in principle, i.e. one protein helps to synthesize another protein and so on. After the discovery of the double helix, the central dogma of molecular biology was formulated, which is that DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to protein. The molecular structure of DNA and RNA, as well as the metabolism that maintains their reproduction, are believed to be too complex to have arisen spontaneously in one step from a soup of chemistry. Several models of the origin of life are based on the notion that life may have arisen through the development of an initial molecular autocatalytic set which evolved over time. Most of these models which have emerged from the studies of complex systems predict that life arose not from a molecule with any particular trait (such as self-replicating RNA) but from an autocatalytic set. The first empirical support came from Lincoln and Joyce, who obtained autocatalytic sets in which "two [RNA] enzymes catalyze each other’s synthesis from a total of four component substrates." Furthermore, an evolutionary process that began with a population of these self-replicators yielded a population dominated by recombinant replicators. Modern life has the traits of an autocatalytic set, since no particular molecule, nor any class of molecules, is able to replicate itself. There are several models based on autocatalytic sets, including those of Stuart Kauffman and others. (Wikipedia).
Set Theory (Part 2): ZFC Axioms
Please feel free to leave comments/questions on the video and practice problems below! In this video, I introduce some common axioms in set theory using the Zermelo-Fraenkel w/ choice (ZFC) system. Five out of nine ZFC axioms are covered and the remaining four will be introduced in their
From playlist Set Theory by Mathoma
Set Theory (Part 3): Ordered Pairs and Cartesian Products
Please feel free to leave comments/questions on the video and practice problems below! In this video, I cover the Kuratowski definition of ordered pairs in terms of sets. This will allow us to speak of relations and functions in terms of sets as the basic mathematical objects and will ser
From playlist Set Theory by Mathoma
The perfect number of axioms | Axiomatic Set Theory, Section 1.1
In this video we introduce 6 of the axioms of ZFC set theory. My Twitter: https://twitter.com/KristapsBalodi3 Intro: (0:00) The Axiom of Existence: (2:39) The Axiom of Extensionality: (4:20) The Axiom Schema of Comprehension: (6:15) The Axiom of Pair (12:16) The Axiom of Union (15:15) T
From playlist Axiomatic Set Theory
7.1: Cellular Automata - The Nature of Code
This video introduces the concepts and algorithms behind Cellular Automata. (If I reference a link or project and it's not included in this description, please let me know!) Read along: http://natureofcode.com/book/chapter-7-cellular-automata/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_autom
From playlist The Nature of Code: Simulating Natural Systems
Operations on Sets | Axiomatic Set Theory, Section 1.2
We define some basic operations on sets using the axioms of ZFC. My Twitter: https://twitter.com/KristapsBalodi3 Intersection:(0:00) Ordered Tuples/Products:(4:45)
From playlist Axiomatic Set Theory
Response to James Tour: 700 Papers and Still Clueless (Part 1 of 2)
Last year I made a video about James Tour, a chemist and creationist who speaks out against origin of life research. He didn't like it much, so he decided to make a 14-part series about how dumb I am. He really pulled out all the stops, parading all of his classic fallacious talking points
From playlist Debunks/Discussions/Debates
Introduction to Sets and Set Notation
This video defines a set, special sets, and set notation.
From playlist Sets (Discrete Math)
Mod-01 Lec-01 Course Overview – I
Advanced Chemical Reaction Engineering (PG) by Prof. H.S.Shankar,Department of Chemical Engineering,IIT Bombay.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
From playlist IIT Bombay: Advanced Chemical Reaction Engineering | CosmoLearning.org
Mod-01 Lec-07 Illustrative Examples :1) Recycle Reactor with Condenser 2) CSTR with Recycle
Advanced Chemical Reaction Engineering (PG) by Prof. H.S.Shankar,Department of Chemical Engineering,IIT Bombay.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
From playlist IIT Bombay: Advanced Chemical Reaction Engineering | CosmoLearning.org
Many ways to lose your mind: Dimensions of robustness in noisy ... by Upi Bhalla
Information processing in biological systems URL: https://www.icts.res.in/discussion_meeting/ipbs2016/ DATES: Monday 04 Jan, 2016 - Thursday 07 Jan, 2016 VENUE: ICTS campus, Bangalore From the level of networks of genes and proteins to the embryonic and neural levels, information at var
From playlist Information processing in biological systems
Billiards on the triaxial ellipsoid by Gisbert Wustholz
PROGRAM : ALGEBRAIC AND ANALYTIC ASPECTS OF AUTOMORPHIC FORMS ORGANIZERS : Anilatmaja Aryasomayajula, Venketasubramanian C G, Jurg Kramer, Dipendra Prasad, Anandavardhanan U. K. and Anna von Pippich DATE & TIME : 25 February 2019 to 07 March 2019 VENUE : Madhava Lecture Hall, ICTS Banga
From playlist Algebraic and Analytic Aspects of Automorphic Forms 2019
Debunking James Tour’s Latest Pathetic Series (Part 2 of 4)
James Tour is back at it again, folks! He didn't like my response to his ridiculous series on abiogenesis, exposing him as a complete fraud with no clue what he's talking about on this topic. After some time off to lick his wounds, he's returned with another hot pile of stylized garbage, w
From playlist Debunks/Discussions/Debates
Living on Mars: A 4-step guide for humans | Michio Kaku | Big Think
Living on Mars: A 4-step guide for humans New videos DAILY: https://bigth.ink Join Big Think Edge for exclusive video lessons from top thinkers and doers: https://bigth.ink/Edge ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Physicist Michio Kaku discuss
From playlist Mars colonization | Big Think
Set Theory 1.4 : Well Orders, Order Isomorphisms, and Ordinals
In this video, I introduce well ordered sets and order isomorphisms, as well as segments. I use these new ideas to prove that all well ordered sets are order isomorphic to some ordinal. Email : fematikaqna@gmail.com Discord: https://discord.gg/ePatnjV Subreddit : https://www.reddit.com/r/
From playlist Set Theory
Lec 36 | MIT 5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Spring 2008
Lecture 36: Autocatalysis and oscillators. View the complete course at: http://ocw.mit.edu/5-60S08 License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
From playlist MIT 5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics, Spring 2008
An autocatalytic chemical reaction
The autocatalytic reaction illustrated in this video can be summarized by the equation "2A + B → 2B". It means that 2 molecules of type A, shown in red, can form a molecule of type B, shown in blue, but only if another molecule of type B is present. Thus the product B of the reaction serve
From playlist Molecular dynamics
Synthesis Workshop: Demystifying the Soai Reaction with Dr. Soumitra Athavale (Episode 47)
In this Research Spotlight episode, we are joined by Dr. Soumitra Athavale, who takes us through his work on the Soai reaction. Parent reference: Athavale, S. V.; Simon, A.; Houk, K. N.; Denmark, S. E.; Nat. Chem. 2020, 12 , 412-423. Other references (in order of appearance): For a mast
From playlist Special Topics: Organometallics
What is the complement of a set? Sets in mathematics are very cool, and one of my favorite thins in set theory is the complement and the universal set. In this video we will define complement in set theory, and in order to do so you will also need to know the meaning of universal set. I go
From playlist Set Theory
Michio Kaku: The Cheapest Way to Terraform Mars | Big Think
Michio Kaku: The Cheapest Way to Terraform Mars New videos DAILY: https://bigth.ink/youtube Join Big Think Edge for exclusive videos: https://bigth.ink/Edge ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rather than hauling heavy atmospheric pumps from
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Introduction to a Unified Model of Cellular Automata
This is an introduction to a unified model of Cellular Automata in which a rule is represented not by a single function but by a vector of functions we call genes. These functions can be ordered so that they maintain the same order regardless of the rule space where they are realized. This
From playlist Wolfram Technology Conference 2022