The Alphabetum Kaldeorum ("alphabet of the Chaldeans") is one of the best known ciphers of the Middle Ages. Its name refers to Chaldea, whose inhabitants during the medieval era were reputed to have mysterious and magical knowledge. It can be found in a complete version, together with other non-Latin alphabets, in a manuscript from the year 1428, now in the library at the University of Munich (Cod. 4ΒΊ 810, fol. 41v). However, its origins lie clearly in an earlier time, as some examples of its practical use demonstrate. The Alphabetum Kaldeorum was meant primarily for the encipherment of diplomatic correspondence; its alphabet implies that predominantly Latin texts were coded: u and v are equated; w was to be written as double v; j is missing. For frequently arising letters the Alphabetum Kaldeorum provides several different versions, which were used at random so that a decipherment attempt using the classical frequency analysis method should fail. "Nulla", cipher-letters with no plaintext assignment which were to be ignored, were also often added to the enciphered texts to further render frequency-analysis useless. A possible author of the Alphabetum Kaldeorum is Duke Rudolf IV of Austria (1339β1365), who attributed an Indian origin to them; the letters of the Alphabetum Kaldeorum are probably not, however, at all related to any writing common in India, and are actually independent creations. Even Rudolf's gravestone in the Stephansdom in Vienna carries an inscription enciphered using the Alphabetum Kaldeorum, which gives the names and titles of the duke. (Wikipedia).
What is the definition of scientific notation
π Learn about scientific notations. Scientific notation is a convenient way of writing very large or very small numbers. A number written in scientific notation is of the form a * 10^n where a is the first non-zero number between 1 and 10, (1 included) and n is the number of digits up to t
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Why do we simplify numeric expressions
π Learn how to simplify mathematics expressions. A mathematis expression is a finite combination of numbers and symbols formed following a set of operations or rules. To simplify a mathematics expression means to reduce the expression into simpler form. Given a mathematics expression, to
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Using order of operations to simplify an expression
π Learn how to simplify mathematics expressions. A mathematis expression is a finite combination of numbers and symbols formed following a set of operations or rules. To simplify a mathematics expression means to reduce the expression into simpler form. For expressions having parenthesis
From playlist Simplify Expressions Using Order of Operations
Simplify a large numeric expression by applying the order of operations
π Learn how to simplify mathematics expressions. A mathematis expression is a finite combination of numbers and symbols formed following a set of operations or rules. To simplify a mathematics expression means to reduce the expression into simpler form. For expressions having parenthesis
From playlist Simplify Expressions Using Order of Operations
Using order of operations to simplify an expression - Online Tutor
π Learn how to simplify mathematics expressions. A mathematis expression is a finite combination of numbers and symbols formed following a set of operations or rules. To simplify a mathematics expression means to reduce the expression into simpler form. For expressions having parenthesis
From playlist Simplify Expressions Using Order of Operations
Use Order of operation to simplify the expression
π Learn how to simplify mathematics expressions. A mathematis expression is a finite combination of numbers and symbols formed following a set of operations or rules. To simplify a mathematics expression means to reduce the expression into simpler form. For expressions having parenthesis
From playlist Simplify Expressions Using Order of Operations
Evaluating a numeric expression by applying the order of operations
π Learn how to simplify mathematics expressions. A mathematis expression is a finite combination of numbers and symbols formed following a set of operations or rules. To simplify a mathematics expression means to reduce the expression into simpler form. For expressions having parenthesis
From playlist Simplify Expressions Using Order of Operations
Apply the order of operations to simplify a large numeric expression
π Learn how to simplify mathematics expressions. A mathematis expression is a finite combination of numbers and symbols formed following a set of operations or rules. To simplify a mathematics expression means to reduce the expression into simpler form. For expressions having parenthesis
From playlist Simplify Expressions Using Order of Operations
How to simplify an expression by following order of operations and distributive property
π Learn how to simplify mathematics expressions. A mathematis expression is a finite combination of numbers and symbols formed following a set of operations or rules. To simplify a mathematics expression means to reduce the expression into simpler form. For expressions having parenthesis
From playlist Simplify Expressions Using Order of Operations
Using order of operations by following PEMDAS - Online Tutor
π Learn how to simplify mathematics expressions. A mathematis expression is a finite combination of numbers and symbols formed following a set of operations or rules. To simplify a mathematics expression means to reduce the expression into simpler form. For expressions having parenthesis
From playlist Simplify Expressions Using Order of Operations