Thermodynamics

1. Phase Transitions and Phase Diagrams
   1. Phase Equilibrium
      1. Definition and Concept
         1. Dynamic Equilibrium in Phases
         2. Gibbs Phase Rule
      2. Conditions for Equilibrium
         1. Mechanical Equilibrium
         2. Thermal Equilibrium
         3. Chemical Equilibrium
      3. Use in Industrial Processes
         1. Purification Methods
         2. Quality Control
   2. Phase Diagrams
      1. Overview and Importance
      2. Types of Phase Diagrams
         1. Unary Phase Diagrams
            1. Single Component Substances
            2. Phases Involved
         2. Binary Phase Diagrams
            1. Two-Component Systems
            2. Lever Rule
            3. Eutectic, Peritectic, and Peritectoid Points
         3. Ternary Phase Diagrams
            1. Three-Component Systems
            2. Prism Representation
      3. Pressure-Temperature Diagram
         1. Phase Boundaries
         2. Interpretation of P-T Diagrams
         3. Regions of Stability
      4. Triple Point
         1. Definition and Examples
         2. Water as a Reference
         3. Applications and Measurement
      5. Critical Point
         1. Definition and Explanation
         2. Supercritical Fluids
         3. Industrial and Scientific Applications
   3. Latent Heat
      1. Definition and Types
         1. Sensible vs. Latent Heat
         2. Phase Change Implications
      2. Heat of Fusion
         1. Melting and Freezing Processes
         2. Applications in Material Science and Meteorology
      3. Heat of Vaporization
         1. Boiling and Condensation Processes
         2. Impact on Weather Systems and Climate
   4. Application of Phase Transitions
      1. Metallurgy
         1. Heat Treatment Processes
         2. Alloy Solidification and Microstructures
      2. Cryogenics
         1. Liquefying Gases
         2. Superconductivity Transitions
      3. Biological Systems
         1. Protein Denaturation
         2. Membrane Phase Transitions
   5. Advanced Concepts in Phase Transitions
      1. Quantum Phase Transitions
         1. Zero Temperature Transformations
         2. Influence of Quantum Fluctuations
      2. Non-Equilibrium Phase Transitions
         1. Kinetics of Phase Changes
         2. Role in Chemical Reactions and Catalysis
      3. Critical Phenomena
         1. Scaling Laws
         2. Universality Concepts
      4. Phase Transition in Low-Dimensional Systems
         1. Layered Materials
         2. Surface Effects and Nanostructures