Thermodynamics

1. Thermodynamic Cycles
   1. Power Cycles
      1. Carnot Cycle
         1. Ideal Heat Engine Model
         2. Reversible Processes
         3. Efficiency Derivation
            1. Maximum Efficiency Limit
            2. Thermodynamic T-S Diagram
         4. Steps of the Carnot Cycle
            1. Isothermal Expansion
            2. Adiabatic Expansion
            3. Isothermal Compression
            4. Adiabatic Compression
      2. Rankine Cycle
         1. Basic Steam Power Cycle
         2. Working Fluid
            1. Properties of Water/Steam
         3. Components
            1. Boiler
            2. Turbine
            3. Condenser
            4. Pump
         4. Modifications and Improvements
            1. Reheat Rankine Cycle
            2. Regenerative Rankine Cycle
               1. Open and Closed Feedwater Heaters
      3. Brayton Cycle
         1. Gas Turbine Engine Cycle
         2. Ideal vs. Real Brayton Cycle
         3. Components
            1. Compressor
            2. Combustor
            3. Turbine
         4. Performance Parameters
            1. Thermal Efficiency
            2. Work Ratio
         5. Cycle Enhancements
            1. Intercooling
            2. Regeneration
            3. Reheating
   2. Refrigeration Cycles
      1. Vapor-Compression Cycle
         1. Basic Cooling Mechanism
         2. System Components
            1. Compressor
            2. Condenser
            3. Expansion Valve
            4. Evaporator
         3. T-s and P-h Diagrams
         4. Refrigerants
            1. Selection Criteria
            2. Environmental Impact
         5. Performance Metrics
            1. Coefficient of Performance (COP)
            2. Energy Efficiency
      2. Absorption Refrigeration Cycle
         1. Alternative Cooling Cycle
         2. Working Fluids
            1. Ammonia-Water
            2. Lithium Bromide-Water
         3. Key Components
            1. Generator
            2. Absorber
            3. Condenser
         4. Applications
            1. Industrial Cooling
            2. Residential Use
         5. Advantages and Disadvantages
            1. Energy Source Flexibility
            2. Lower Efficiency than Vapor-Compression
   3. Heat Pump Cycles
      1. Principles of Heat Pumps
         1. Heat Transfer Direction
         2. Expansion and Compression Processes
      2. Types of Heat Pumps
         1. Air Source Heat Pumps
         2. Ground Source Heat Pumps (Geothermal)
         3. Water Source Heat Pumps
      3. Performance Evaluation
         1. Heating Seasonal Performance Factor (HSPF)
         2. COP for Heating
      4. Applications and Uses
         1. Space Heating
         2. Water Heating
         3. Energy Saving Strategies
   4. Combined Cycles
      1. Combination of Different Power Cycles
      2. Combined Brayton and Rankine Cycle
         1. Utilizing Waste Heat
         2. Increased Efficiency and Output
      3. Components and Operation
         1. Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
         2. Turbines Coordination
      4. Applications
         1. Power Plants
         2. Industrial Energy Systems
   5. Thermal Efficiency and Work Potential
      1. Second Law Efficiency
         1. Exergy Analysis
         2. Irreversibilities and Losses
      2. Factors Affecting Efficiency
         1. Temperature Range
         2. Refrigerant Properties
         3. Mechanical Design Considerations