Thermodynamics

1. Applications of Thermodynamics
   1. Engines and Turbines
      1. Internal Combustion Engines
         1. Otto Cycle
            1. Four-Stroke Engine
            2. Two-Stroke Engine
         2. Diesel Cycle
            1. Compression Ignition
            2. Efficiency and Fuel Consumption
         3. Performance Metrics
            1. Power Output
            2. Thermal Efficiency
            3. Emissions Impact
         4. Applications
            1. Automobiles
            2. Aviation
            3. Marine Transport
      2. Jet Engines
         1. Turbojet
            1. Working Principle
            2. Thrust Output
         2. Turbofan
            1. Bypass Ratio
            2. Noise Reduction Mechanisms
         3. Turboprop
            1. Propeller Mechanics
            2. Altitude Performance
         4. Applications
            1. Commercial Aviation
            2. Military Aircraft
      3. Gas Turbines
         1. Brayton Cycle
            1. Compression and Expansion Processes
            2. Regeneration and Intercooling
         2. Combined Cycle Systems
            1. Integration with Steam Turbines
            2. Efficiency Improvements
         3. Applications
            1. Power Generation
            2. Industrial Applications
   2. Heat Transfer Devices
      1. Heat Exchangers
         1. Types
            1. Shell and Tube
            2. Plate
            3. Air-Cooled
         2. Thermal Design Considerations
            1. Log Mean Temperature Difference
            2. Heat Transfer Coefficients
         3. Applications
            1. HVAC Systems
            2. Chemical Processing
      2. Boilers
         1. Types
            1. Fire-Tube
            2. Water-Tube
         2. Efficiency Considerations
            1. Heat Recovery Systems
            2. Fuel Selection
         3. Safety Measures
            1. Pressure Control
            2. Regular Maintenance
         4. Applications
            1. Power Plants
            2. Industrial Heating
      3. Radiators
         1. Operating Principles
            1. Fluid Dynamics in Radiators
            2. Heat Dissipation Methods
         2. Design Considerations
            1. Material Selection
            2. Fin Design
         3. Applications
            1. Automotive Cooling Systems
            2. Building Heating Systems
   3. Refrigeration Systems
      1. Vapor-Compression Cycle
         1. Key Components
            1. Evaporator
            2. Compressor
            3. Condenser
            4. Expansion Valve
         2. Thermodynamic Requirements
            1. Coefficient of Performance (COP)
            2. Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)
         3. Environmental Considerations
            1. Refrigerant Types
            2. Global Warming Potential (GWP)
         4. Applications
            1. Domestic Refrigeration
            2. Industrial Cooling
      2. Absorption Refrigeration Cycle
         1. Working Fluids
            1. Ammonia-Water Systems
            2. Lithium Bromide-Water Systems
         2. Heat Source Alternatives
            1. Geothermal
            2. Solar Heating
         3. Applications
            1. Off-Grid Cooling Solutions
            2. Large-Scale Refrigeration
   4. Air Conditioning
      1. Principles of Operation
         1. Cooling Load Calculation
         2. Humidity Control
      2. Types
         1. Window Units
         2. Split Systems
         3. Central Air Conditioning
      3. Energy Efficiency
         1. Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER)
         2. Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems
      4. Applications
         1. Residential Comfort Systems
         2. Commercial Buildings
         3. Industrial Climate Control
   5. Planetary and Atmospheric Science
      1. Thermodynamics of Atmospheres
         1. Energy Balance Models
         2. Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change
      2. Thermal Dynamics of Planetary Bodies
         1. Heat Flow in Earth's Core
         2. Volcanic Activity and Heat Transfer
      3. Applications in Space Exploration
         1. Spacecraft Thermal Management
         2. Thermal Protection Systems for Re-entry
   6. Chemical Reactions
      1. Gibbs Free Energy
         1. Predicting Reaction Spontaneity
         2. Relationship with Enthalpy and Entropy
      2. Chemical Potential
         1. Phase Equilibria
         2. Reaction Equilibria in Mixtures
      3. Applications in Industry
         1. Chemical Process Optimization
         2. Thermochemical Conversions
         3. Electrochemical Applications