Solid State Physics

1. Modern Applications
   1. Microelectronics
      1. Integrated circuits
         1. Fabrication and lithography
            1. Photolithography
            2. Electron-beam lithography
         2. Design processes
            1. Very-large-scale integration (VLSI)
            2. System on chip (SoC)
      2. Transistors
         1. Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs)
         2. Emerging transistor technologies
            1. FinFETs
            2. Tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs)
      3. Sensors and actuators
         1. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
         2. Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS)
      4. Power electronics
         1. Gallium nitride (GaN) devices
         2. Silicon carbide (SiC) devices
   2. Photonic Devices
      1. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
         1. Organic LEDs (OLEDs)
         2. Quantum dot LEDs (QLEDs)
      2. Photovoltaics
         1. Monocrystalline silicon cells
         2. Perovskite solar cells
         3. Dye-sensitized solar cells
      3. Waveguides and optical fibers
         1. Fiber optics communication
         2. Integrated photonics
      4. Lasers
         1. Semiconductor lasers
         2. Quantum cascade lasers
   3. Spintronics
      1. Spin valves and magnetic tunnel junctions
         1. Giant magnetoresistance (GMR)
         2. Tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR)
      2. Spin-transfer torque
         1. Magnetic random access memory (MRAM)
         2. Spin-orbit torque devices
      3. Topological insulators
         1. Quantum spin Hall effect
         2. Applications in novel computing paradigms
   4. Quantum Computing
      1. Quantum bits and circuits
         1. Superconducting qubits
         2. Trapped ion qubits
         3. Topological qubits
      2. Quantum algorithms
         1. Shor's algorithm for factoring
         2. Grover's algorithm for search
      3. Applications and potential impacts
         1. Cryptography and information security
         2. Optimization problems in logistics and finance
      4. Quantum coherence and error correction
         1. Decoherence suppression techniques
         2. Fault-tolerant quantum computing
   5. Advanced Materials
      1. Metamaterials
         1. Negative index materials
         2. Applications in cloaking and superlenses
      2. 2D materials beyond graphene
         1. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs)
         2. Borophene, phosphorene, and silicene
      3. Carbon-based nanomaterials
         1. Carbon nanotubes in electronics
         2. Applications in composite materials
   6. Energy Applications
      1. Solid-state batteries
         1. Lithium-based technologies
         2. Solid electrolytes and their challenges
      2. Thermoelectric materials
         1. Materials for waste heat recovery
         2. Applications in automotive and space industries
      3. Fuel cells and hydrogen storage
         1. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC)
         2. Metal hydrides and carbon materials
   7. Biotechnology
      1. Biosensors and biochips
         1. Lab-on-a-chip devices
         2. DNA and genome sequencing technologies
      2. Drug delivery systems
         1. Nanocarriers and smart materials
         2. Integration with microelectronics for targeted therapy
   8. Quantum Materials
      1. Emergent phenomena in quantum materials
         1. High-temperature superconductors
         2. Quantum magnets and entanglement
      2. Applications in quantum sensing and metrology
         1. Atomic clocks
         2. Quantum-enhanced imaging and microscopy