Public Finance

1. Economic Impacts of Government Intervention
   1. Market Failures and Government Intervention
      1. Definitions and Examples of Market Failures
         1. Public Goods
         2. Externalities
         3. Information Asymmetries
         4. Monopoly and Oligopoly
      2. Rationales for Government Intervention
         1. Correction of Externalities
         2. Provision of Public Goods
         3. Regulation of Monopolies
      3. Tools for Government Intervention
         1. Taxes and Subsidies
         2. Regulation and Legislation
         3. Provision of Services
         4. Price Controls
            1. Price Ceilings
            2. Price Floors
   2. Redistribution of Income
      1. Objectives of Income Redistribution
         1. Poverty Alleviation
         2. Reducing Inequality
         3. Economic Justice
      2. Mechanisms for Redistribution
         1. Progressive Taxation
         2. Transfer Payments
            1. Welfare Programs
            2. Unemployment Benefits
            3. Social Security
         3. Public Services
      3. Effects on Economic Growth
         1. Positive Impacts
            1. Improved Human Capital
            2. Increased Consumption
         2. Potential Negative Impacts
            1. Labor Market Distortions
            2. Reduced Incentives for Wealth Creation
   3. Public Sector Efficiency
      1. Cost-Benefit Analysis
         1. Purpose and Process
         2. Limitations and Challenges
         3. Case Studies of Successful and Unsuccessful Interventions
      2. Efficiency vs Equity Debate
         1. Equity-Promoting Policies
            1. Redistribution Policies
            2. Social Welfare Programs
         2. Efficiency-Promoting Policies
            1. Market-Oriented Reforms
            2. Deregulation
         3. Balancing Act between Equity and Efficiency
      3. Measuring Public Sector Efficiency
         1. Performance Indicators
            1. Service Delivery Metrics
            2. Budget Efficiency
         2. Comparative Analysis with Private Sector
            1. Productivity Metrics
            2. Quality of Services
      4. Reforms for Enhancing Efficiency
         1. Decentralization
         2. Performance-Based Budgeting
         3. Use of Technology in Public Services