Public Finance

1. International Aspects of Public Finance
   1. Globalization and Taxation
      1. Effects of Globalization on National Tax Policies
      2. Tax Competition Among Countries
      3. Transfer Pricing and Base Erosion
         1. Concepts and Mechanisms of Transfer Pricing
         2. Challenges in Identifying Base Erosion
         3. Strategies to Address Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)
      4. Digital Economy and Challenges in Taxing Multinational Corporations
         1. Defining Digital Goods and Services
         2. Taxation Models for Digital Transactions
         3. International Consensus on Digital Taxation Framework
   2. Cross-border Fiscal Cooperation
      1. Bilateral and Multilateral Tax Treaties
         1. Objectives and Functions
         2. Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs)
         3. Model Tax Convention Guidance
      2. Information Exchange and Transparency Initiatives
         1. Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI)
         2. Common Reporting Standard (CRS)
         3. Transparency Measures to Combat Tax Evasion
      3. Joint Tax Audits and Collaborations
         1. Framework and Implementation
         2. Outcomes and Challenges of Joint Audits
   3. Impact of International Organizations on Domestic Fiscal Policies
      1. Role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
         1. Policy Recommendations and Fiscal Surveillance
         2. Conditionality in Lending Programs
      2. Influence of the World Bank in Public Finance Reform
         1. Financial Assistance and Advisory Services
         2. Policy Reforms in Developing Countries
      3. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Initiatives
         1. Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Action Plan
         2. Global Tax Reform Efforts
      4. European Union Fiscal Policies and Their Impact
         1. Stability and Growth Pact
         2. Economic Governance Framework
   4. International Public Goods Financing
      1. Definition and Examples of International Public Goods
         1. Environmental Protection
         2. Global Health Initiatives
      2. Funding Mechanisms and Collaborative Approaches
         1. Multilateral Funding Agencies
         2. Public-Private Partnerships
      3. Challenges in International Public Goods Financing
         1. Equity and Responsibility Sharing
         2. Coordination Issues Among Nations
   5. Sovereign Debt and International Finance
      1. Understanding Sovereign Debt Dynamics
         1. Causes and Consequences of Sovereign Debt
         2. Role of Credit Rating Agencies
      2. Crisis Management and Restructuring
         1. International Debt Relief Initiatives
         2. Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanisms
      3. Impact of Sovereign Debt on Global Financial Stability
         1. Spillover Effects in International Markets
         2. Preventive Measures and International Cooperation
   6. Harmonization of Fiscal Policies
      1. The Need for Harmonization in Taxes and Regulations
         1. Trade-related Taxes and Tariffs
         2. Environmental Taxes and Carbon Pricing
      2. Challenges and Benefits of Fiscal Policy Harmonization
         1. Economic Integration and Policy Coordination
         2. Protection of Sovereignty vs. Economic Coordination
      3. Examples of Regional Fiscal Coordination
         1. European Union's Fiscal Compact
         2. ASEAN Economic Community Coordination Efforts