Physical Chemistry

1. Molecular Behavior and Interactions
   1. Chemical Bonding
      1. Ionic and Covalent Bonds
         1. Characteristics and Differences
         2. Energetics of Bond Formation
         3. Polarity and Electronegativity
         4. Molecular Polarity and Dipole Moments
      2. Metallic Bonding
         1. Electron Sea Model
         2. Properties of Metals
         3. Conductivity and Malleability
      3. Hydrogen Bonding
         1. Occurrence and Importance
         2. Influence on Physical Properties
         3. Role in Biological Systems (e.g., DNA)
      4. Van der Waals Forces
         1. London Dispersion Forces
            1. Instantaneous Dipoles
            2. Effect on Nonpolar Molecules
         2. Dipole-Dipole Forces
            1. Permanent Dipoles
            2. Effects on Molecular Interactions
         3. Ion-Dipole Interactions
            1. Solubility of Ionic Compounds in Polar Solvents
            2. Biological Importance
   2. Molecular Geometry
      1. VSEPR Theory
         1. Predicting Shapes of Molecules
         2. Lone Pair Effects on Geometry
      2. Molecular Orbital Theory
         1. Bonding and Antibonding Orbitals
         2. Molecular Orbital Diagrams
         3. Delocalized Electrons and Aromaticity
      3. Valence Bond Theory
         1. Hybridization Types (sp, sp2, sp3, etc.)
         2. Sigma and Pi Bonds
         3. Orbital Overlap and Bonding Strength
   3. Intermolecular Forces
      1. Dipole-Dipole Interactions
         1. Effects on Boiling and Melting Points
         2. Influence on Solvent-Solute Interactions
      2. London Dispersion Forces
         1. Contributions to Boiling and Melting Points in Nonpolar Molecules
         2. Role in Molecular Interactions in Gases
      3. Ion-Dipole Forces
         1. Importance in Solvation Processes
         2. Interaction with Biological Macromolecules
   4. Spectroscopy
      1. Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
         1. Functional Group Identification
         2. Analyzing Molecular Vibrations
      2. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy
         1. Electronic Transitions and Conjugation
         2. Quantitative Analysis Applications
      3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
         1. Chemical Shifts and Spin-Spin Coupling
         2. Structural Elucidation of Organic Compounds
      4. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)
         1. Detection of Free Radicals
         2. Applications in Chemistry and Biology