Organic Chemistry

1. Basic Concepts
   1. Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding
      1. Structure of Carbon Atom
         1. Elemental Carbon Forms
            1. Diamond
            2. Graphite
            3. Amorphous Carbon
         2. Orbital Structure
            1. s and p orbitals
            2. Electron Configuration ([1s²][2s²][2p²])
         3. Valency and Tetravalence
            1. Concept of Tetravalency
            2. Implications for Molecular Geometry
      2. Hybridization
         1. Definition and Significance
         2. Types of Hybridization
            1. sp Hybridization
               1. Process and Geometry (Linear)
               2. Examples: Acetylene, Ethyne
            2. sp² Hybridization
               1. Process and Geometry (Trigonal planar)
               2. Examples: Ethene, Benzene
            3. sp³ Hybridization
               1. Process and Geometry (Tetrahedral)
               2. Examples: Methane, Ethane
         3. Influence on Molecular Shape and Bond Angles
      3. Covalent Bonding
         1. Definition and Features
         2. Types of Covalent Bonds
            1. Sigma (σ) Bonds
               1. Characteristics and Formation
            2. Pi (π) Bonds
               1. Characteristics and Formation
         3. Bond Strength and Stability
      4. Bond Lengths and Angles
         1. Factors Affecting Bond Lengths
            1. Atomic size
            2. Bond order
         2. Prediction of Bond Angles
            1. VSEPR Theory
            2. Influence of Lone Pairs
      5. Electronegativity and Polarity
         1. Definition and Trends in the Periodic Table
         2. Influence on Bond Polarity
            1. Polar vs. Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
         3. Molecular Polarity and its Effects
            1. Dipole Moment
            2. Solubility in Polar and Nonpolar Solvents
   2. Organic Molecules
      1. Hydrocarbons
         1. Definition and Types
         2. Classification
            1. Aliphatic
            2. Aromatic
         3. General Properties
      2. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Compounds
         1. Saturated Compounds
            1. Definition and Examples
            2. Physical and Chemical Properties
         2. Unsaturated Compounds
            1. Definition and Examples
            2. Physical and Chemical Properties
         3. Importance in Chemical Reactivity
            1. Differing Reactivity of Alkenes/Alkynes
      3. Functional Groups
         1. Definition and Role in Organic Chemistry
         2. Common Functional Groups
            1. Hydroxyl (Alcohols)
            2. Carbonyl (Aldehydes, Ketones)
            3. Carboxyl (Carboxylic Acids)
            4. Amino (Amines)
         3. Influence on Physical Properties
            1. Boiling/Melting Points
            2. Solubility
         4. Influence on Chemical Behavior
            1. Nucleophilic vs. Electrophilic Sites
      4. Common Organic Chains and Rings
         1. Alkane Chains
            1. Linear vs. Branched
            2. Isomerism
         2. Cycloalkanes
            1. Naming and Properties
            2. Strain in Small Rings
         3. Aromatic Rings
            1. Structure and Stabilization
            2. Aromaticity and Rules
   3. Structural Representations in Organic Chemistry
      1. Lewis Structures
         1. Rules and Guidelines
         2. Examples and Practice
      2. Kekulé Structures
         1. Representation of Aromatic Compounds
         2. Limitations and Applications
      3. Condensed Formulas
         1. Utilization in Large Molecules
         2. Interpretation Techniques
      4. Line-Angle (Skeletal) Formulas
         1. Simplification of Large Structures
         2. Reading and Drawing Practice
   4. Isomerism
      1. Structural Isomers
         1. Chain Isomers
         2. Position Isomers
         3. Functional Group Isomers
      2. Stereoisomers
         1. Geometric Isomers (cis/trans, E/Z)
         2. Conformational Isomers
         3. Configurational Isomers (R/S, Enantiomers, Diastereomers)
      3. Importance in Biological and Chemical Properties