Optics

1. Measurement and Instrumentation in Optics
   1. Spectroscopy
      1. Basic Concepts
         1. Definition and importance
         2. Types of spectra: Emission, absorption, and continuous spectra
      2. Types of Spectroscopy
         1. Absorption Spectroscopy
            1. Principles of absorption
            2. Beer-Lambert Law
         2. Emission Spectroscopy
            1. Flame emission spectroscopy
            2. Induced emission
         3. Raman Spectroscopy
            1. Raman shift and scattering principles
            2. Applications in molecular characterization
         4. UV-Visible Spectroscopy
            1. Working principles
            2. Applications in chemical analysis
         5. Infrared Spectroscopy
            1. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR)
            2. Vibrational modes and molecular fingerprinting
      3. Instrumentation in Spectroscopy
         1. Spectrometers
            1. Prisms and diffraction gratings
            2. Monochromators
         2. Detectors
            1. Photomultiplier tubes
            2. Charge-coupled devices (CCDs)
         3. Sample Preparation
            1. Solid, liquid, gas phase considerations
   2. Radiometry and Photometry
      1. Fundamentals
         1. Radiometric vs Photometric measures
         2. Units and standards: Lumens, Watts, Lux
      2. Radiometry
         1. Radiant energy, power, and intensity
         2. Radiant Exitance and Irradiance
      3. Photometry
         1. Human eye response and luminous efficacy
         2. Photometric devices and units
      4. Instruments and Techniques
         1. Radiometers
         2. Photometers
         3. Integration spheres
         4. Calorimeters
   3. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
      1. Principles of OCT
         1. Low-coherence interferometry
         2. Axial and lateral resolution
      2. Types of OCT
         1. Time-domain OCT
         2. Frequency-domain OCT
            1. Spectral-domain OCT
            2. Swept-source OCT
      3. Applications of OCT
         1. Medical imaging: Ophthalmology, dermatology
         2. Industrial inspection and materials characterization
      4. OCT Systems and Components
         1. Light source considerations
            1. Superluminescent diodes (SLDs)
            2. Lasers for OCT
         2. Interferometry techniques
            1. Michelson interferometer
            2. Fiber-based interferometers
   4. Optical Metrology
      1. Precise Measurement of Light
         1. Standard units and traceability
         2. Calibration processes
      2. Instruments Used in Optical Metrology
         1. Interferometers
            1. Laser interferometry
            2. White light interferometry
         2. Microscopes
            1. Metrological microscopes
            2. Focus variation microscopes
         3. Profilometers
            1. Contact and non-contact methods
      3. Applications
         1. Precision engineering and manufacturing
         2. Surface topography and defect detection
   5. Laser-based Measurement Techniques
      1. Laser Doppler Vibrometry
         1. Principles and applications in vibration analysis
      2. Laser Rangefinders
         1. Time-of-flight principles
         2. Applications in surveying and navigation
      3. Holographic Interferometry
         1. Principles of holography
         2. Applications in stress and deformation analysis
   6. Calibration and Standards
      1. Importance of Calibration in Optical Measurements
         1. Ensuring accuracy and reliability
      2. Standards Organizations
         1. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
         2. International Commission on Illumination (CIE)
      3. Methods of Calibration
         1. Traceability chains
         2. Use of reference standards and calibration services