Operating Systems

1. Features of Operating Systems
   1. User Interface
      1. Graphical User Interface (GUI)
         1. Icons, windows, and menus
         2. User interaction design
         3. Customizable themes and layouts
         4. Integration with touch input
         5. Accessibility features
            1. Screen readers
            2. Magnifiers
            3. High contrast modes
      2. Command-Line Interface (CLI)
         1. Commands and scripting
         2. Shell environment configurations
         3. Automation and batch processing
         4. Remote shell access
         5. Customizable prompt and scripts
   2. Multitasking
      1. Preemptive Multitasking
         1. Time-slicing and priority scheduling
         2. Context switching impact on performance
         3. Handling of interrupt requests
         4. Resource competition and starvation
      2. Cooperative Multitasking
         1. Yielding control voluntarily
         2. Programmer-managed task switches
         3. Simplification of resource handling
         4. Drawbacks in reliability and security
   3. Multithreading
      1. Thread Creation and Management
         1. Differences between threads and processes
         2. Lightweight process management
         3. Synchronous and asynchronous threads
         4. CPU-bound vs. I/O-bound threads
      2. Thread Scheduling
         1. Priority levels and fairness
         2. Synchronization tools
            1. Mutexes and locks
            2. Semaphores
         3. Deadlock prevention strategies
         4. Multi-core and hyper-threading support
   4. Networking Capabilities
      1. TCP/IP Stack Implementation
         1. IPv4 and IPv6 compatibility
         2. Network packet routing
         3. Error detection and correction mechanisms
      2. Network Security
         1. Firewalls and filtering rules
         2. Encryption protocols (SSL/TLS)
         3. Secure shell (SSH) for secure remote access
         4. Virtual private networks (VPNs)
      3. Remote Access Services
         1. Remote desktop applications
         2. File sharing and network drives
         3. Network address translation (NAT)
   5. Security Features
      1. Access Control
         1. User accounts and permissions
         2. Group policies and roles
         3. Mandatory access control (MAC)
         4. Discretionary access control (DAC)
      2. Threat Detection
         1. Antivirus and anti-malware tools
         2. Intrusion detection systems (IDS)
         3. Log monitoring and alerts
      3. System Integrity
         1. Sandboxing of applications
         2. Data execution prevention (DEP)
         3. Address space layout randomization (ASLR)
   6. File System Management
      1. Support for Multiple File Systems
         1. Compatibility with FAT, NTFS, ext4, etc.
         2. Journaling and transaction logs
         3. File system repair tools
      2. Storage Efficiency
         1. Compression methods
         2. Deduplication techniques
         3. Filesystem hierarchy and organization
      3. File Sharing and Networking
         1. Network file systems (NFS, SMB/CIFS)
         2. Cloud storage integration
         3. Permissions for shared resources
   7. Device and Driver Management
      1. Plug and Play Capabilities
         1. Automatic detection and configuration
         2. Device descriptor standards
         3. Driver installation and update mechanisms
      2. Device Communication Protocols
         1. USB, Bluetooth, and Wireless standards
         2. Serial and parallel communication
         3. SDKs for custom device drivers
      3. Resource Allocation
         1. Direct Memory Access (DMA) management
         2. Interrupt handling and assignment
         3. I/O scheduling and prioritization