Nuclear Physics

1. Nuclear Safety and Security
   1. Radiation Safety
      1. Dose Limits
         1. Occupational Dose Limits
            1. International Standards
            2. National Regulations
            3. Legal Compliance
         2. Public Exposure Limits
            1. Environmental Monitoring
            2. Effluent Release Criteria
         3. Recommendations for Pregnant Workers
      2. Shielding Techniques
         1. Types of Shielding Materials
            1. Lead Shielding
            2. Concrete Shielding
            3. Water Shielding
            4. Boron-Polyethylene Compounds
         2. Design of Shielding Structures
            1. Reactor Design Considerations
            2. Medical Facility Shielding
         3. Shielding Effectiveness Evaluation
   2. Nuclear Non-proliferation
      1. Treaties and Agreements
         1. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
            1. Objectives and Obligations
            2. State Parties and Signatories
         2. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)
            1. Verification and Monitoring
            2. Current Status
         3. Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT)
            1. Negotiation Challenges
            2. Material Inclusions
         4. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Role
            1. Inspections and Verification
            2. Technical Assistance Programs
      2. Safeguards and Monitoring
         1. IAEA Safeguards
            1. Types of Safeguards
               1. Comprehensive Safeguards
               2. Additional Protocols
            2. Inspection Techniques
               1. Onsite Inspections
               2. Remote Monitoring
         2. Satellite Surveillance
            1. Imaging Technologies
            2. Monitoring Compliance
         3. National Regulatory Bodies
            1. Licensing and Inspections
            2. Public Communication and Transparency
   3. Nuclear Security
      1. Physical Protection Systems
         1. Security of Nuclear Facilities
            1. Access Control Measures
            2. Intrusion Detection Systems
         2. Transport Security
            1. Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials
            2. Tracking and Monitoring Systems
      2. Cybersecurity in Nuclear Operations
         1. Threats to Nuclear Facilities
         2. Defense Strategies
            1. Firewalls and Intrusion Detection
            2. Employee Training and Awareness
      3. Insider Threat Mitigation
         1. Threat Assessment Procedures
         2. Trustworthiness Programs
         3. Response Protocols
   4. Emergency Preparedness and Response
      1. Disaster Preparedness Plans
         1. Risk Assessment and Mitigation
         2. Public Education and Drills
      2. Emergency Response Strategies
         1. Incident Command Structures
         2. Interagency Coordination
      3. Medical Response to Radiation Exposure
         1. Treatment Protocols
         2. Decontamination Procedures
         3. Long-term Care and Monitoring
   5. Environmental Considerations
      1. Impact Assessments of Nuclear Activities
         1. Environmental Monitoring Programs
         2. Ecological Studies
      2. Waste Management
         1. Classification of Radioactive Waste
            1. Low-level Waste
            2. High-level Waste
         2. Waste Disposal Methods
            1. Deep Geological Repositories
            2. Near-surface Disposal
         3. Spent Fuel Management
      3. Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities
         1. Decontamination and Dismantling Processes
         2. Regulatory Requirements
         3. Community Involvement and Stakeholder Engagement