Neurobiology

1. Structure of the Nervous System
   1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
      1. Brain
         1. Cerebral Cortex
            1. Frontal Lobe
               1. Prefrontal Cortex
               2. Motor Cortex
               3. Broca's Area
            2. Parietal Lobe
               1. Somatosensory Cortex
               2. Spatial Awareness
            3. Temporal Lobe
               1. Auditory Processing
               2. Wernicke's Area
            4. Occipital Lobe
               1. Visual Processing
            5. Function and Connectivity
               1. Integration of Sensory Information
               2. Executive Functions and Decision Making
         2. Basal Ganglia
            1. Components: Caudate, Putamen, and Globus Pallidus
            2. Role in Movement Regulation
            3. Implications in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s Diseases
         3. Limbic System
            1. Components: Hippocampus, Amygdala, Cingulate Gyrus
            2. Function in Emotion and Memory
            3. Connectivity with Other Brain Regions
         4. Thalamus
            1. Sensory Relay Station
            2. Role in Arousal and Consciousness
            3. Connections with Motor and Limbic Systems
         5. Hypothalamus
            1. Autonomic and Endocrine Function Regulation
            2. Role in Homeostasis
            3. Interaction with the Pituitary Gland
         6. Cerebellum
            1. Coordination of Voluntary Movements
            2. Balance and Posture
            3. Role in Motor Learning
         7. Brainstem: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
            1. Midbrain
               1. Visual and Auditory Processing Centers
               2. Motor Pathway Functions
            2. Pons
               1. Relay between Cerebrum and Cerebellum
               2. Role in Sleep Regulation
            3. Medulla Oblongata
               1. Autonomic Function Regulation (e.g., Respiration, Heart Rate)
               2. Pathway for Motor and Sensory Information
      2. Spinal Cord
         1. Structure and Segmentation
            1. Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral Regions
         2. Function in Reflexes and Neural Pathway Conduction
         3. Role in Somatosensory and Motor Pathways
   2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
      1. Somatic Nervous System
         1. Structure of Peripheral Nerves
         2. Function in Voluntary Muscle Control
         3. Sensory and Motor Nerve Pathways
      2. Autonomic Nervous System
         1. Sympathetic Nervous System
            1. “Fight or Flight” Responses
            2. Physiological Effects (e.g., Increased Heart Rate, Pupil Dilation)
            3. Role in Stress Response and Homeostasis
         2. Parasympathetic Nervous System
            1. “Rest and Digest” Functions
            2. Physiological Effects (e.g., Decreased Heart Rate, Digestive Activity)
            3. Balance with Sympathetic System
         3. Enteric Nervous System
            1. Structure as the "Second Brain"
            2. Control of Gastrointestinal Functions
            3. Interaction with Autonomic Nervous System
      3. Sensory and Motor Components
         1. Cranial Nerves
            1. Function and Neural Pathways
            2. Roles in Sensory Perception and Motor Control
         2. Spinal Nerves
            1. Composition and Function
            2. Role in Reflex Arcs and Motor Control