Monetary Economics

1. Modern Challenges in Monetary Economics
   1. Globalization and Monetary Policy
      1. Impact of global financial integration on domestic monetary policy
         1. Influence of cross-border capital flows
         2. Global interest rate dynamics
      2. Coordination among central banks
      3. Challenges in maintaining national monetary sovereignty
   2. Technological Change and Digital Currencies
      1. Rise of digital and cryptocurrencies
         1. Impact on traditional banking and financial systems
         2. Regulatory challenges and risk management
         3. Effect on monetary supply and control
      2. Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs)
         1. Design and implementation strategies
         2. Implications for monetary policy and banking
         3. Privacy and security issues
      3. Fintech innovations and the banking sector
         1. Peer-to-peer lending platforms
         2. Mobile payment solutions and their economic implications
   3. Climate Change and Monetary Policy
      1. Integration of climate risks into monetary policy frameworks
      2. Green monetary policy tools
         1. Green quantitative easing
         2. Central bank’s role in supporting sustainable finance
      3. Economic impacts of climate-related financial risks
         1. Macroprudential concerns
         2. Transition risks and financial stability
   4. Increasing Frequency and Complexity of Financial Crises
      1. Causes and consequences of financial instability
      2. Role of monetary policy in crisis management and recovery
      3. Lessons from past financial crises
   5. Structural Changes in the Global Economy
      1. Demographic changes and their impact on monetary policy
      2. Shift towards service-based and digital economies
      3. Global supply chain disruptions and their monetary implications
   6. Rising Inequality and Monetary Policy
      1. Examination of the distributional effects of monetary policy
      2. Policy approaches to address inequality
         1. Inclusive growth strategies
      3. Interaction between fiscal and monetary policy for balancing inequality
   7. The Evolving Role of Central Banks
      1. Expanded mandates beyond traditional monetary policy
         1. Financial stability
         2. Macroprudential regulation
      2. Challenges of central bank communications in an information-rich age
      3. Debates over central bank independence and accountability