Monetary Economics

1. The Role of Banking System in Monetary Economics
   1. Banking System Structure
      1. Types of Banks
         1. Commercial banks
         2. Investment banks
         3. Retail banks
         4. Central banks
      2. Banking sectors
         1. Public sector banks
         2. Private sector banks
         3. Cooperative banks
   2. Functions of Banks
      1. Financial intermediation
         1. Connecting savers with borrowers
         2. Providing liquidity
      2. Payment system facilitation
         1. Check clearing
         2. Digital transactions
      3. Safekeeping and wealth management
         1. Deposit accounts
         2. Investment advisory services
   3. Risk Management and Regulation
      1. Types of Risks
         1. Credit risk
         2. Market risk
         3. Liquidity risk
         4. Operational risk
         5. Interest rate risk
      2. Regulatory Framework
         1. Basel III standards
         2. National banking regulations
         3. Capital adequacy requirements
         4. Stress testing
      3. Risk Management Strategies
         1. Diversification
         2. Hedging
         3. Use of derivatives
         4. Credit assessment and scoring
   4. Bank Runs and Financial Crises
      1. Causes of Bank Runs
         1. Loss of depositor confidence
         2. Sudden withdrawal surges
      2. Historical Examples
         1. The Great Depression bank runs
         2. The 2008 financial crisis
      3. Preventive Measures
         1. Deposit insurance schemes
         2. Central bank as a lender of last resort
         3. Crisis management frameworks
   5. Role in Monetary Policy
      1. Role as Monetary Transmitter
         1. Influence on money supply via lending
         2. Interest rate mechanisms
      2. Central Bank Partnerships
         1. Open market operations participation
         2. Reserve requirement policies
      3. Lending and Economic Growth
         1. Impact on small and medium-sized enterprises
         2. Influence on real estate and consumer credit
   6. Digital Transformation and Banking
      1. Fintech Integration
         1. Online banking advancements
         2. Mobile payment systems
      2. Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain
         1. Use in cross-border transactions
         2. Regulatory challenges and opportunities
      3. Cybersecurity Considerations
         1. Protection against digital fraud
         2. Enhancing consumer trust and privacy
   7. Banking System Stability
      1. Importance of a Stable Banking Environment
         1. Ensuring economic confidence
         2. Supporting sustainable economic growth
      2. Crisis Prevention and Mitigation
         1. Early warning systems
         2. Enhanced supervision and oversight
   8. Global Banking Interactions
      1. International Banking Standards
         1. Role of international banks in global trade
      2. Cross-border Regulatory Coordination
         1. Coordination with international bodies like the IMF and World Bank