Molecular Biology

1. Emerging Topics in Molecular Biology
   1. CRISPR and Genome Editing
      1. Mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas Systems
         1. CRISPR-Cas9: Function and Process
         2. Variants of CRISPR systems (e.g., Cas12, Cas13)
      2. Applications of CRISPR
         1. Gene knockout and knock-in experiments
         2. Development of disease models in animals
         3. Agricultural improvements through genome editing
      3. Ethical and Regulatory Considerations
         1. Germline editing controversies
         2. Regulation of genome editing technology
         3. Societal and ethical implications of CRISPR
      4. Challenges and Limitations
         1. Off-target effects and precision
         2. Delivery methods of CRISPR components
         3. Resistance mechanisms in target organisms
   2. Synthetic Biology
      1. Foundations of Synthetic Biology
         1. Design and construction of synthetic genes and circuits
         2. Use of genetic parts and chassis organisms
      2. Applications of Synthetic Biology
         1. Biofuel production and environmental remediation
         2. Development of synthetic organisms with programmable functions
         3. Production of pharmaceuticals and biochemicals
      3. Tools and Techniques in Synthetic Biology
         1. DNA synthesis and assembly methods
         2. Bioinformatics in synthetic circuit design
         3. High-throughput screening methodologies
      4. Ethical and Safety Considerations
         1. Biosafety and biocontainment strategies
         2. Dual-use research and biosecurity risks
         3. Intellectual property and synthetic life patents
   3. Single-Cell Sequencing and Analysis
      1. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing (scRNA-seq)
         1. Techniques for single-cell RNA isolation and processing
         2. Data analysis and interpretation of scRNA-seq results
         3. Applications in developmental biology and cancer research
      2. Single-Cell DNA Sequencing
         1. Methods for single-cell genome and exome sequencing
         2. Insights into clonal evolution and genetic diversity in tissues
      3. Multiomics in Single-Cell Analysis
         1. Integration of transcriptomic, epigenomic, and proteomic data
         2. Use of machine learning for data integration and interpretation
      4. Technological Advances
         1. Microfluidics and nanodroplet technologies for cell isolation
         2. Advances in sequencing technology and data analysis software
      5. Challenges and Future Directions
         1. Technical limitations such as data noise and dropout
         2. Scalability and reproducibility of single-cell studies
         3. Ethical considerations in single-cell technology applications