Molecular Biology

1. Molecular Biology in Health and Disease
   1. Molecular Basis of Disease
      1. Genetic Disorders
         1. Hereditary Diseases
            1. Autosomal dominant disorders
            2. Autosomal recessive disorders
            3. X-linked disorders
            4. Mitochondrial disorders
         2. Chromosomal Abnormalities
            1. Aneuploidy
            2. Translocations
            3. Deletions and duplications
         3. Single Gene Mutations
            1. Point mutations
            2. Frameshift mutations
            3. Splice site mutations
      2. Cancer Biology
         1. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
            1. Activation of oncogenes
            2. Inactivation of tumor suppressors
         2. Cancer Progression and Metastasis
            1. Angiogenesis
            2. Invasion and metastasis
         3. Molecular Signaling Pathways in Cancer
            1. MAPK/ERK pathway
            2. PI3K/AKT pathway
         4. Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations in Cancer
            1. DNA methylation changes
            2. Histone modifications
         5. Resistance to Cancer Therapies
            1. Mechanisms of drug resistance
            2. Role of tumor microenvironment
   2. Molecular Diagnostics
      1. Biomarkers
         1. Types of Biomarkers
            1. Prognostic biomarkers
            2. Predictive biomarkers
            3. Diagnostic biomarkers
         2. Biomarker Discovery and Validation
            1. Genomic biomarkers
            2. Proteomic and metabolomic biomarkers
      2. Genetic Screening and Testing
         1. Methods of Genetic Testing
            1. Whole-genome sequencing
            2. Exome sequencing
            3. Targeted panel testing
         2. Prenatal and Newborn Screening
            1. Genetic counseling
            2. Ethical and societal considerations
      3. Molecular Imaging
         1. Techniques in Molecular Imaging
            1. PET and SPECT
            2. MRI and CT
         2. Applications in Disease Diagnosis
            1. Cancer imaging
            2. Neurological disorders
   3. Therapeutic Applications
      1. Gene Therapy
         1. Types of Gene Therapy
            1. Somatic cell gene therapy
            2. Germline gene therapy
         2. Delivery Methods
            1. Viral vectors
            2. Non-viral delivery methods
         3. Current and Emerging Applications
            1. Treatment of inherited diseases
            2. Cancer gene therapy
      2. Molecular Medicine
         1. Personalized Medicine
            1. Pharmacogenomics
            2. Genomic medicine
         2. RNA-based Therapeutics
            1. Antisense oligonucleotides
            2. RNA interference and siRNAs
         3. Protein-based Therapies
            1. Monoclonal antibodies
            2. Therapeutic enzymes
      3. Vaccine Development
         1. Types of Vaccines
            1. Live attenuated vaccines
            2. Inactivated vaccines
            3. Subunit vaccines
            4. mRNA vaccines
         2. Molecular Techniques in Vaccine Design
            1. Reverse vaccinology
            2. Structural vaccinology
         3. Challenges and Innovations
            1. Vaccine efficacy and safety
            2. Global health implications