Medicinal Chemistry

1. Mechanisms of Drug Action
   1. Receptor-Ligand Interactions
      1. Types of receptors
         1. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
         2. Ionotropic receptors
         3. Nuclear receptors
         4. Tyrosine kinase receptors
      2. Binding affinity and selectivity
      3. Agonists and antagonists
         1. Full agonists vs. partial agonists
         2. Competitive vs. non-competitive antagonists
      4. Allosteric modulation
      5. Desensitization and downregulation
   2. Enzyme Inhibition
      1. Types of enzyme inhibitors
         1. Competitive inhibitors
         2. Non-competitive inhibitors
         3. Uncompetitive inhibitors
         4. Irreversible inhibitors
      2. Mechanisms of inhibition
         1. Michaelis-Menten kinetics
         2. Inhibition constants (Ki)
      3. Importance in therapeutic applications
         1. Antimicrobials
         2. Chemotherapeutics
         3. Anti-inflammatory drugs
   3. Ion Channel Modulation
      1. Types of ion channels
         1. Voltage-gated
         2. Ligand-gated
         3. Mechanosensitive
      2. Mechanism of action for ion channel modulators
         1. Channel blockers
         2. Channel openers
      3. Clinical applications
         1. Anesthetics
         2. Antiepileptics
      4. Modulation by endogenous ligands
         1. Neurotransmitters
         2. Hormones
   4. Signal Transduction Pathways
      1. Overview of signal transduction mechanisms
      2. Key pathways
         1. MAPK/ERK pathway
         2. PI3K/AKT pathway
         3. JAK/STAT pathway
         4. Notch signaling
      3. Crosstalk between pathways
      4. Therapeutic targeting of signal transduction
         1. Oncological drugs
         2. Autoimmune disease treatments
   5. Drug-Receptor Dynamics
      1. Kinetics of drug binding and unbinding
      2. Receptor occupancy theory
      3. Duration of drug action
      4. Receptor reserve and efficacy
   6. Biological Responses and Adaptation
      1. Tolerance development
      2. Sensitization phenomena
      3. Cellular adaptation mechanisms
         1. Upregulation and downregulation of receptors
      4. Impact on therapeutic outcomes
   7. Pharmacogenomics and Drug Response
      1. Genetic variability in receptor expression
      2. Influence of genetic polymorphisms
      3. Personalized medicine approaches
   8. Secondary and Off-target Effects
      1. Mechanisms leading to side effects
      2. Strategies to minimize adverse effects
         1. Drug modification
         2. Targeted delivery systems
      3. Case studies of drugs with off-target effects