Genetics and Heredity

1. Applications of Genetics
   1. Medicine
      1. Personalized Medicine
         1. Tailoring treatment based on genetic profiles
         2. Predictive genetic tests for disease predisposition
         3. Role of biomarkers in customizing therapies
      2. Pharmacogenomics
         1. Impact of genetic variations on drug efficacy and safety
         2. Testing for drug metabolism capability
         3. Developing individualized drug treatments
      3. Gene Therapy
         1. Techniques for correcting defective genes
         2. Viral and non-viral delivery methods
         3. Applications in treating genetic disorders
      4. Genetic Screening
         1. Newborn screening for genetic conditions
         2. Carrier testing for heritable diseases
         3. Prenatal diagnostics and non-invasive testing
   2. Agriculture
      1. Selective Breeding
         1. Enhancing desired traits in plants and animals
         2. Crossbreeding techniques for yield improvement
         3. Role in developing disease-resistant varieties
      2. Genetic Modification
         1. Creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
         2. Enhancements for nutritional quality
         3. Herbicide and pest resistance gene introduction
      3. Molecular Farming
         1. Use of plants or animals to produce pharmaceuticals
         2. Production of therapeutic proteins and vaccines
   3. Conservation Biology
      1. Genetic Diversity Preservation
         1. Importance of maintaining genetic variability in populations
         2. Impact of inbreeding and genetic bottlenecks
         3. Strategies for enhancing genetic diversity in endangered species
      2. Conservation Genetics Techniques
         1. DNA barcoding for species identification
         2. Use of genetic markers in tracking species
         3. Application in habitat conservation planning
   4. Forensic Science
      1. DNA Fingerprinting
         1. Techniques for obtaining DNA profiles
         2. Use in criminal investigations and paternity cases
         3. Role in exonerating the wrongly accused
      2. Genetic Profiling
         1. Establishing biological evidence link to individuals
         2. Use in mass disaster victim identification
         3. Applications in wildlife forensics
      3. Advances in Forensic Genomics
         1. Rapid DNA sequencing technologies
         2. Development of comprehensive genetic databases
   5. Industrial Biotechnology
      1. Bioprocessing and Fermentation
         1. Genetic optimization of microorganisms for production
         2. Applications in biofuels and biodegradable materials
      2. Synthetic Biology
         1. Designing and constructing new biological parts
         2. Application in biosensors and genetic circuits