Genetics and Heredity

1. Molecular Genetics
   1. Gene Sequencing
      1. Techniques and Tools
         1. Sanger sequencing
         2. Next-generation sequencing (NGS)
         3. Third-generation sequencing methods
            1. Single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing
            2. Nanopore sequencing
      2. Sequencing Genomes
         1. Whole-genome sequencing
            1. Applications in evolutionary biology
            2. Human genome project
         2. Exome sequencing
            1. Identification of genetic disorders
         3. Targeted sequencing
            1. Cancer gene panels
            2. Pharmacogenomics
      3. Bioinformatics in Sequencing
         1. Sequence alignment
         2. Annotation
         3. Data storage and retrieval
   2. Genetic Engineering
      1. Techniques and Methods
         1. Recombinant DNA technology
         2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
         3. DNA cloning
         4. RNA interference (RNAi)
      2. CRISPR-Cas9 and Genome Editing
         1. Mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9
         2. Applications and ethical considerations
         3. Alternative genome editing tools
            1. TALENs
            2. Zinc finger nucleases
      3. Transgenic Organisms
         1. Methods of creating transgenic organisms
            1. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation
            2. Gene gun
         2. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture
            1. Bt crops
            2. Herbicide-resistant plants
         3. Environmental and ethical impacts
      4. Gene Therapy
         1. In vivo vs. ex vivo approaches
         2. Vectors used in gene therapy
            1. Viral vectors: adenovirus, lentivirus
            2. Non-viral methods
         3. Current applications and clinical trials
            1. Treatment of genetic disorders
            2. Hemophilia, cystic fibrosis
         4. Challenges and ethical concerns
   3. Epigenetics
      1. Mechanisms of Epigenetic Regulation
         1. DNA methylation
            1. CpG islands
            2. Inheritance and epigenetic memory
         2. Histone modification
            1. Acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation
            2. Chromatin remodeling complexes
      2. Non-coding RNAs in Epigenetics
         1. MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
         2. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)
         3. Role in gene silencing
      3. Environmental Influences on Gene Expression
         1. Impact of diet and lifestyle
         2. Environmental toxins and stress
         3. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
      4. Epigenetics in Disease
         1. Cancer and aberrant epigenetic modifications
         2. Epigenetic therapies
         3. Neurological disorders and epigenetics