Evolutionary Biology

1. Biogeography
   1. Historical Biogeography
      1. Origin and development of biogeography as a science
      2. Key historical figures and their contributions
         1. Alfred Russel Wallace
         2. Alexander von Humboldt
         3. Charles Darwin
      3. Evolution of biogeographical theories
         1. Plate tectonics and continental drift
         2. Vicariance theory
         3. Dispersal and colonization
   2. Island Biogeography
      1. The theory of island biogeography
         1. Equilibrium theory
         2. Species-area relationships
      2. Factors influencing island ecosystems
         1. Isolation and habitat diversity
         2. Immigration and extinction rates
      3. Case studies of island biogeography
         1. Galápagos Islands
         2. Hawaiian archipelago
   3. Influence on Species Distribution
      1. Environmental factors affecting distribution
         1. Climate and weather patterns
         2. Physical barriers (mountains, rivers)
         3. Ecological niches and habitats
      2. Biotic interactions
         1. Competition and predation
         2. Mutualism and symbiosis
      3. Human impact on species distribution
         1. Habitat destruction and fragmentation
         2. Urbanization and anthropogenic climate change
   4. Biogeographical Patterns
      1. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
      2. Global biodiversity hotspots
      3. Biogeographical realms and regions
         1. Neotropical, Afro-tropical, Australasian, etc.
   5. Methods and Tools in Biogeography
      1. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing
      2. Ecological modeling and species distribution models
      3. Paleobiogeography and fossil records
   6. Applications of Biogeography
      1. Conservation planning and biodiversity assessment
      2. Invasive species management
      3. Impacts of climate change on species ranges
   7. Contemporary Issues in Biogeography
      1. The integration of molecular phylogenetics
      2. The challenge of invasive species
      3. Policy development for habitat conservation and restoration