Environmental Chemistry

1. Atmospheric Chemistry
   1. Composition of the Atmosphere
      1. Primary Gases
         1. Nitrogen (N2)
            1. Atmospheric abundance
            2. Role in the nitrogen cycle
         2. Oxygen (O2)
            1. Photosynthesis and respiration
            2. Ozone formation relations
         3. Argon (Ar)
            1. Inert gas properties
         4. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
            1. Role in the carbon cycle
            2. Greenhouse effect implications
      2. Trace Gases and Their Significance
         1. Methane (CH4)
            1. Sources and sinks
            2. Impact on global warming
         2. Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
            1. Agricultural emissions
            2. Ozone layer impact
         3. Ozone (O3)
            1. Formation in the troposphere and stratosphere
            2. Health and ecological effects
         4. Water Vapor (H2O)
            1. Feedback mechanisms in climate
   2. Chemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
      1. Photochemical Reactions
         1. Formation of ozone and photochemical smog
         2. Role of sunlight in initiating reactions
      2. Reactions Leading to Acid Rain
         1. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) conversions
         2. Effects on ecosystems and infrastructure
   3. Tropospheric vs. Stratospheric Chemistry
      1. Tropospheric Chemistry
         1. Pollutant formation and transformation
         2. Climate-forcing substances
      2. Stratospheric Chemistry
         1. Ozone-depleting processes
         2. Stratospheric cooling and its consequences
      3. Ozone Formation and Depletion
         1. Stratospheric ozone layer role
         2. CFCs and halons as ozone-depleting substances
         3. Montreal Protocol impacts
   4. Air Pollutants
      1. Sources and Types
         1. Particulates (PM10, PM2.5)
            1. Health impacts
            2. Sources: combustion, industrial processes
         2. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
            1. Urban air quality effects
            2. Biogenic and anthropogenic sources
         3. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
            1. Contribution to smog and acid rain
            2. Transportation and industrial emissions
         4. Sulfur Oxides (SOx)
            1. Power generation and industrial activities
            2. Mitigation strategies, such as scrubbers
      2. Impact on Climate
         1. Greenhouse Gases
            1. Role of CO2, CH4, N2O in warming
            2. Climate change feedback loops
         2. Black Carbon
            1. Effects on albedo and glacier melting
      3. Smog Formation
         1. Types of smog (photochemical, sulfurous)
         2. Health and environmental effects
         3. Mitigation strategies
   5. Monitoring and Modeling Atmospheric Chemistry
      1. Atmospheric Monitoring Techniques
         1. Remote sensing technologies
         2. Ground-based monitoring networks
      2. Atmospheric Modeling
         1. Predictive models for air quality
         2. Climate model integrations
         3. Challenges in modeling complex chemical reactions
      3. Data Analysis and Interpretation
         1. Statistical tools for trend analysis
         2. Role of big data in atmospheric studies