Economic Development and Growth

1. Regional and Global Dimensions
   1. Globalization and Economic Integration
      1. Trade Liberalization
         1. Reduction of tariffs and trade barriers
         2. Promotion of free trade agreements
         3. Impact on domestic industries and employment
         4. Implications for consumer prices and choice
         5. Influence on global competition and monopoly
      2. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
         1. Drivers and incentives for FDI
         2. Impact on host country economies
            1. Technology transfer and innovation
            2. Job creation and skills development
            3. Influence on local competition and market power
         3. Regulatory challenges and protection of local industries
      3. Global Value Chains (GVCs)
         1. Understanding GVCs and their components
            1. Production stages and geographical distribution
            2. Role of different countries in GVCs
         2. Benefits of GVC participation
            1. Economic integration and specialization
            2. Access to advanced technologies and management practices
         3. Challenges of GVCs
            1. Dependence on international markets
            2. Risk of economic disruptions and supply chain vulnerabilities
   2. Regional Development
      1. Regional Economic Disparities
         1. Causes of regional disparities
            1. Historical, geographic, and policy factors
            2. Industrial concentration vs. economic diversity
         2. Consequences of disparities
            1. Urban-rural divide
            2. Poverty and income inequality
            3. Impact on social cohesion and political stability
         3. Policy measures to reduce disparities
            1. Regional development policies
            2. Infrastructure and connectivity improvements
      2. Urban vs. Rural Development
         1. Urbanization trends and challenges
            1. Infrastructure and housing needs
            2. Urban poverty and informal economies
            3. Environmental sustainability
         2. Rural development strategies
            1. Agriculture and resource-based economies
            2. Improving rural infrastructure and access to services
            3. Enhancing rural livelihoods and economic diversification
      3. Cross-Border Regional Cooperation
         1. Objectives of regional cooperation
            1. Enhancing economic integration and trade
            2. Managing shared resources and environments
            3. Conflict resolution and fostering peace
         2. Models and frameworks for cooperation
            1. Custom unions and free trade areas
            2. Regional organizations and economic blocs
         3. Challenges and barriers to cooperation
            1. Political conflicts and historical disputes
            2. Economic competition and protectionism
   3. International Aid and Development Assistance
      1. Role of International Organizations
         1. Functions of global institutions (e.g., UN, IMF, World Bank)
         2. Coordination of international development efforts
         3. Monitoring and evaluating aid effectiveness
      2. Bilateral and Multilateral Aid
         1. Differences and synergies between bilateral and multilateral aid
         2. Motivations and strategic interests in providing aid
         3. Impacts on recipient countries' development paths
            1. Dependence vs. empowerment
            2. Influence on policy and governance
      3. Development Finance Institutions (DFIs)
         1. Role in funding infrastructure and large-scale projects
         2. Support for private sector development
         3. Risk management and leveraging private investment
         4. Ensuring financial sustainability and accountability in aid delivery