Ecology and Environmental Biology

1. Human Ecology
   1. Interaction between humans and ecosystems
      1. Impact of human activities on natural ecosystems
         1. Deforestation and its ecological consequences
         2. Urbanization and habitat fragmentation
         3. Agricultural practices and land use change
         4. Industrial pollution and environmental degradation
      2. Feedback loops between human societies and ecosystems
         1. Ecosystem services reliance
         2. Resource extraction and sustainability
         3. Socioeconomic factors influencing ecological health
   2. Urban ecology
      1. Characteristics of urban ecosystems
         1. Urban biomes and biodiversity
         2. Green spaces and their ecological roles
         3. Urban heat islands and microclimates
      2. Urban planning and sustainable development
         1. Importance of green infrastructure
         2. Strategies for integrating nature into urban design
         3. Enhancing biodiversity in urban areas
      3. Urban wildlife and human-wildlife interactions
         1. Adaptations of wildlife to urban environments
         2. Managing conflicts between humans and urban wildlife
         3. Conservation initiatives within cities
   3. Agroecology
      1. Principles of agroecology
         1. Holistic approaches to sustainable farming
         2. Agroecological practices and techniques
         3. Crop diversity and intercropping
      2. Ecological benefits of agroecological systems
         1. Soil fertility and health management
         2. Biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes
         3. Water management and reducing agricultural runoff
      3. Social and economic dimensions
         1. Community-based agricultural practices
         2. Role in food security and sovereignty
         3. Farmer participation and knowledge exchange
   4. Sustainable development
      1. Concepts and frameworks for sustainability
         1. The three pillars of sustainability: economic, social, and environmental
         2. Sustainable development goals (SDGs)
         3. Integrating sustainability in policy and governance
      2. Case studies of successful sustainable development
         1. Renewable energy adoption and transitions
         2. Sustainable urban planning initiatives
         3. Community-led conservation projects
   5. Environmental education and awareness
      1. Importance of environmental literacy
         1. Curriculum integration of ecological principles
         2. Role of informal education and media in awareness-raising
      2. Strategies for enhancing public engagement
         1. Citizen science and its impact on community knowledge
         2. Environmental campaigns and advocacy
         3. Building partnerships among educators, NGOs, and governments
      3. Measuring the impact of educational programs
         1. Assessment tools for evaluating awareness programs
         2. Long-term behavioral change and community impact