Developmental Biology

1. Developmental Disorders and Diseases
   1. Congenital Abnormalities
      1. Definition and identification
      2. Causes and contributing factors
         1. Genetic mutations and chromosomal anomalies
         2. Environmental influences and teratogens
         3. Maternal health and prenatal conditions
      3. Common types of congenital abnormalities
         1. Neural tube defects
         2. Congenital heart defects
         3. Limb malformations
         4. Cleft lip and palate
      4. Diagnosis and detection
         1. Prenatal screening and imaging
         2. Genetic testing and counseling
      5. Prevention strategies
         1. Prenatal care and nutrition
         2. Folic acid supplementation
         3. Risk factor management
   2. Genetic Syndromes
      1. Definition and characteristics
      2. Examples of genetic syndromes
         1. Down syndrome
            1. Causes and genetics (trisomy 21)
            2. Developmental challenges
            3. Management and support strategies
         2. Turner syndrome
            1. Chromosomal anomaly (monosomy X)
            2. Physical and developmental features
            3. Hormone therapy and fertility treatments
         3. Fragile X syndrome
            1. Genetic basis (FMR1 gene mutation)
            2. Intellectual and behavioral manifestations
            3. Educational and therapeutic interventions
      3. Diagnosis and genetic counseling
         1. Role of karyotyping and molecular genetics
         2. Family history assessment
         3. Risk assessment and reproductive options
   3. Cancer as a Developmental Disease
      1. Overview of cancer biology in developmental context
      2. Embryonic signaling pathways in oncogenesis
         1. Aberrant Wnt signaling and cancer
         2. Hedgehog pathway involvement
      3. Tumor development and stem cell theories
      4. Pediatric cancers and developmental origins
         1. Neuroblastoma
         2. Wilms' tumor
         3. Retinoblastoma
      5. Research and therapeutic innovations
         1. Targeted therapies aimed at developmental pathways
         2. Differentiation therapy
      6. Challenges and future directions in treatment
   4. Therapeutic Approaches and Interventions
      1. Traditional treatment methodologies
         1. Surgery
         2. Chemotherapy
         3. Radiation therapy
      2. Advances in molecular and genetic therapies
         1. Gene therapy prospects
         2. RNA-based therapies
         3. Immunotherapy and its developmental aspects
      3. Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications
         1. Stem cell therapies for congenital and developmental disorders
         2. Organoid technology in disease modeling
      4. Personalized medicine approaches
         1. Biomarkers for targeting developmental pathways
         2. Customizing treatment based on genetic profiling
      5. Ethical considerations in therapeutic interventions
         1. Informed consent and genetic information
         2. Addressing accessibility and equity in treatment options