Cross-Cultural Psychology

1. Identity and Self-Concept
   1. Cultural influences on self-identity
      1. Role of cultural narratives and myths
      2. Impact of cultural heritage and traditions
      3. Influence of language and cultural symbols
      4. Social and familial roles in identity formation
   2. Individualism and collectivism
      1. Definition and characteristics
      2. Impacts on behavior and self-perception
      3. Relationship between self and community
      4. Balance between personal goals and group goals
   3. Self-construals
      1. Independent vs. interdependent self-construals
      2. Contextual variability in self-construal
      3. Effects on personal relationships and communication
      4. Influence on self-esteem and self-efficacy
   4. Cross-cultural differences in self-esteem
      1. Definition and functional role of self-esteem
      2. Cultural variations in the basis of self-esteem
      3. Comparison of self-enhancement versus self-criticism
      4. Implications of self-esteem on mental health and well-being
   5. Identity development across the lifespan
      1. Childhood development and cultural identity
      2. Adolescence, peer influence, and identity exploration
      3. Identity transformation in adulthood
      4. Aging, reflection, and identity re-evaluation
   6. Influence of globalization on identity
      1. Hybrid identities and multiculturalism
      2. Acculturation and assimilation processes
      3. Challenges of maintaining cultural identity in global contexts
      4. Opportunities for identity enrichment and expansion
   7. Personal vs. social identity
      1. Role of personal experiences in shaping identity
      2. Significance of social identity and group membership
      3. Intersectionality and multiple identities
      4. Impact of societal changes on self-concept
   8. Identity in digital and virtual spaces
      1. Online identity and self-presentation
      2. Influence of social media on self-concept
      3. Virtual communities and identity exploration
      4. Benefits and risks of digital identity formation
   9. Coping with identity crisis
      1. Causes and triggers of identity crises
      2. Strategies for identity exploration and resolution
      3. Support systems and resources for identity challenges
      4. Role of therapy and counseling in identity development