Corporate Governance

1. Shareholder Rights and Responsibilities
   1. Shareholder Meetings and Voting Rights
      1. Types of shareholder meetings
         1. Annual general meetings (AGMs)
         2. Extraordinary general meetings (EGMs)
         3. Meetings by proxy
      2. Voting mechanisms
         1. Proxies and power of attorney
         2. Cumulative voting
         3. Majority and plurality voting systems
         4. Written consents
      3. Rights to participate
         1. Notice of meeting
         2. Access to meeting agendas
         3. Quorum requirements
         4. Right to submit questions or proposals
   2. Shareholder Activism
      1. Definition and forms of activism
         1. Proxy battles and contests
         2. Shareholder resolutions
         3. Public campaigns and media engagement
      2. Tools and strategies
         1. Engaging with management and boards
         2. Collaborating with other shareholders
         3. Utilizing corporate governance rating agencies
      3. Influence on company policies
         1. Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues
         2. Corporate strategy and financial performance
         3. Executive compensation and accountability
   3. Institutional vs. Individual Shareholders
      1. Characteristics of institutional shareholders
         1. Pension funds
         2. Mutual funds
         3. Sovereign wealth funds
         4. Insurance companies
      2. Roles and influence of institutional investors
         1. Shareholder engagement and stewardship
         2. Impact on corporate governance practices
      3. Rights and participation of individual shareholders
         1. Access to information
         2. Opportunities for direct engagement
         3. Challenges and barriers in influencing company policies
   4. Minority Shareholder Protection
      1. Legal frameworks and protections
         1. Rights to information and inspection
         2. Anti-dilution rights
         3. Preemptive rights
      2. Mechanisms for dispute resolution
         1. Shareholder agreements
         2. Arbitration and mediation
      3. Enhancing minority shareholder influence
         1. Class action lawsuits
         2. Shareholder advocacy organizations
         3. Regulatory advocacy for improved protections
   5. Dividend Policy and Shareholder Returns
      1. Types of dividends
         1. Cash dividends
         2. Stock dividends
         3. Dividend reinvestment plans (DRIPs)
      2. Factors influencing dividend policy
         1. Earnings and profitability
         2. Cash flow and liquidity needs
         3. Growth opportunities and strategic initiatives
      3. Shareholder rights regarding dividends
         1. Entitlement to declared dividends
         2. Legal basis for dividend payment
         3. Implications of withholding or altering dividend payments
      4. Balancing shareholder returns and reinvestment
         1. Trade-offs between dividends and share buybacks
         2. Reinvestment for long-term growth vs. short-term payouts
         3. Shareholder expectations and market perceptions