Conservation Biology

1. Biodiversity
   1. Definition and Dimensions
      1. Genetic Diversity
         1. Definition and Explanation
            1. Variability within species
            2. Importance for adaptation and survival
         2. Measuring Genetic Variation
            1. Molecular markers
            2. Next-generation sequencing
         3. Role in Evolution
            1. Natural selection
            2. Genetic drift
            3. Mutation and recombination
      2. Species Diversity
         1. Definition and Scope
            1. Species richness
            2. Species evenness
            3. Endemism
         2. Measurement Methods
            1. Species inventory
            2. Indexes (e.g., Shannon-Wiener, Simpson's Index)
         3. Species Interactions
            1. Predation
            2. Competition
            3. Symbiosis (Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism)
      3. Ecosystem Diversity
         1. Definition and Components
            1. Variety of ecosystems
            2. Biotic and abiotic interactions
         2. Types of Ecosystems
            1. Forest ecosystems
            2. Grassland ecosystems
            3. Aquatic ecosystems (lakes, rivers)
            4. Marine ecosystems (coral reefs, deep sea)
         3. Measuring Ecosystem Health
            1. Biomass and productivity
            2. Functional diversity
   2. Importance of Biodiversity
      1. Ecological Importance
         1. Ecosystem Functioning
            1. Energy flow
            2. Nutrient cycling
         2. Resilience and Stability
            1. Buffering against environmental changes
            2. Ecosystem recovery
      2. Economic Importance
         1. Resources for Human Use
            1. Food, medicine, and raw materials
            2. Genetic resources for agriculture
         2. Ecosystem Services
            1. Pollination
            2. Water purification
            3. Disease regulation
      3. Cultural and Aesthetic Importance
         1. Inspiration and Spirituality
            1. Connection to nature
            2. Cultural heritage
         2. Recreation and Tourism
            1. Biodiversity-based tourism
            2. Nature-based activities
   3. Threats to Biodiversity
      1. Habitat Destruction
         1. Causes and Consequences
            1. Deforestation
            2. Urbanization
         2. Fragmentation and its Effects
            1. Loss of habitat corridors
            2. Edge effects
      2. Overexploitation
         1. Overfishing and Hunting
            1. Unsustainable practices
            2. Trade in wildlife and products
         2. Impact on Species Populations
            1. Extinct and endangered species
            2. Reduced population viability
      3. Pollution
         1. Types and Sources
            1. Chemical pollutants (pesticides, heavy metals)
            2. Plastic pollution
            3. Eutrophication from nutrients
         2. Ecotoxicology
            1. Impact on food chains
            2. Long-term ecosystem effects
      4. Invasive Species
         1. Nature and Introduction Pathways
            1. Accidental vs. intentional introductions
            2. Global trade and travel
         2. Impact on Native Species
            1. Competition and predation
            2. Alteration of habitat and ecosystems
      5. Climate Change
         1. Effects on Biodiverse Regions
            1. Changing temperature and precipitation patterns
            2. Ocean acidification on marine life
         2. Species Extinction Risks
            1. Altered life cycles and migration patterns
            2. Habitat loss and species displacement