Computer Architecture

1. Data Representation
   1. Binary Arithmetic
      1. Definition and Basics
         1. Binary Number System
         2. Conversion between Binary and Decimal
      2. Binary Addition
         1. Rules of Addition
         2. Carryover Concept
      3. Binary Subtraction
         1. Principles of Borrowing
         2. Two's Complement for Subtraction
      4. Binary Multiplication
         1. Shifting Technique
         2. Binary Multiplication Examples
      5. Binary Division
         1. Long Division Method
         2. Simplification Techniques
      6. Bitwise Operations
         1. AND, OR, XOR Operations
         2. Bit Shifting
         3. Application in Masking
   2. Floating Point Representation
      1. Concepts of Floating Point Numbers
         1. Normalization
         2. Scientific Notation in Binary
      2. IEEE 754 Standard
         1. Single Precision Format
         2. Double Precision Format
         3. Exponent Bias and Mantissa
      3. Rounding Errors
         1. Guard Digits
         2. Round to Nearest, Tie Breaking
      4. Floating Point Arithmetic
         1. Addition and Subtraction
         2. Multiplication and Division
      5. Special Values
         1. NaN (Not a Number)
         2. Infinity
         3. Denormalized Numbers
   3. Character Encoding
      1. ASCII Encoding
         1. Standard ASCII
         2. Extended ASCII
      2. Unicode Standard
         1. UTF-8 Encoding
         2. UTF-16 Encoding
         3. Code Points and Planes
      3. Differences between ASCII and Unicode
      4. Issues in Character Encoding
         1. Character Encoding Mismatches
         2. Data Corruption Risk
      5. Modern Applications
         1. Multilingual Text Processing
         2. Emoji Representation
   4. Number Systems and Conversions
      1. Decimal, Hexadecimal, and Octal Systems
      2. Conversion Techniques
         1. Binary to Hexadecimal
         2. Binary to Octal
         3. Decimal to Other Bases
      3. Applications in Computing
         1. Memory Addressing
         2. Color Codes in Digital Media
   5. Data Storage and Formats
      1. Bit and Byte
         1. Definition and Relationship
      2. Data Structures in Memory
         1. Arrays and Lists
         2. Trees and Graphs
      3. File Formats
         1. Text Files (TXT, CSV)
         2. Binary Files
         3. Image Formats (JPEG, PNG, BMP)
   6. Color Representation
      1. RGB Model
         1. Additive Color Theory
         2. Application in Monitors
      2. CMYK Model
         1. Subtractive Color Theory
         2. Print Media Usage
      3. Other Models
         1. HSB/HSV (Hue, Saturation, Brightness/Value)
         2. CIE Lab
   7. Compression Techniques
      1. Lossless Compression
         1. Huffman Coding
         2. Run-Length Encoding
      2. Lossy Compression
         1. JPEG for Images
         2. MP3 for Audio
      3. Trade-offs in Compression
         1. Size vs. Quality
         2. Compression Ratio Considerations
   8. Error Detection and Correction
      1. Parity Bits
         1. Even and Odd Parity
      2. Checksums and Hash Functions
      3. Error-Correcting Codes
         1. Hamming Code
         2. Reed-Solomon Code
         3. Applications in Data Transmission
            1. Network Data Integrity
            2. File Storage Systems