Computer Architecture

1. Advanced Topics
   1. Quantum Computing Architectures
      1. Quantum Bits (Qubits)
         1. Definition and Characteristics
         2. Superposition and Entanglement
      2. Quantum Gates and Circuits
         1. Basic Quantum Gates (e.g., Hadamard, Pauli-X)
         2. Quantum Circuit Design
            1. Quantum Algorithms
               1. Shor's Algorithm
               2. Grover's Algorithm
      3. Quantum Error Correction
         1. Error Correction Codes
         2. Challenges in Quantum Error Correction
      4. Quantum Hardware Implementations
         1. Superconducting Qubits
         2. Trapped Ion Qubits
         3. Topological Qubits
      5. Scalability and Quantum Networks
         1. Decoherence Times
         2. Quantum Repeaters
   2. Neuromorphic Computing
      1. Brain-Inspired Architecture
         1. Spiking Neural Networks
         2. Analog Versus Digital Neuromorphic Systems
      2. Neuromorphic Chips
         1. Synaptic Connectivity
         2. Silicon Neurons
      3. Application Areas
         1. Pattern Recognition
         2. Sensory Processing
      4. Neuromorphic Hardware Designs
         1. IBM TrueNorth
         2. Intel Loihi
      5. Challenges and Future Prospects
         1. Power Efficiency
         2. Adaptability and Learning Mechanisms
   3. Heterogeneous Computing
      1. Definition and Importance
         1. Combining Different Computing Architectures
         2. Balancing Workload Efficiency
      2. General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units (GPGPU)
         1. Parallel Processing Capabilities
         2. Architectural Differences from CPUs
         3. Use Cases and Applications
            1. Scientific Computing
            2. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
      3. Integration of CPUs and Specialized Processing Units
         1. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)
         2. Digital Signal Processors (DSPs)
      4. Software and Tools
         1. Programming Models (e.g., CUDA, OpenCL)
         2. Compiler Support for Heterogeneous Systems
      5. Performance Optimization Techniques
         1. Load Balancing
         2. Resource Allocation
   4. Energy-Efficient Computing
      1. Low-Power Architectural Design
         1. Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS)
         2. Power Gating Techniques
      2. Design for Thermal Efficiency
         1. Thermal Management Systems
         2. Heat Dissipation Techniques
      3. Energy Efficient Algorithms
         1. Algorithmic Optimizations for Lower Power Consumption
         2. Energy-Aware Scheduling
      4. Green Computing Initiatives
         1. Environmental Impact
         2. Sustainable Data Centers
      5. Energy Harvesting Technologies
         1. Harvesting from Ambient Sources (e.g., Solar, Kinetic)
         2. Applications in IoT and Wearable Devices